This project portfolio presents a reflection of the experiences of the low-cost construction project, its development and progress, and the ultimate outcomes. The portfolio is meant to critically reflect and evaluate on the level to which the aims and objectives of the proposal have been met by the outcomes of the project. It identifies the ways in which the construction project manager uses in addressing concerns such as environmental pollution and global warming, which are the broader perspectives of keeping in line with the green economy in the construction industry. The project presents the overview of the problems faced in the construction industry and how the identified problems were solved. It also takes into account the engineering theories and principles applied in the construction industry, while utilizing the code of standards that are applicable. It also takes into account the design used and the evidence of how the project was implemented as well as the approaches used in arriving at the possible solutions depending on the nature of the identified problems. The last section of the project gives the contents of the portfolio including the evidence related to the illustration of UKSPEC competencies.
The construction industry has been found to contribute positively to the growth of the economy despite the impacts it poses on the environment. Given its large size, the industry has become one of the largest consumers of energy, raw materials, and water, while it is also a formidable polluter of the environment ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . Identification of the impacts of the construction industry on the environment has resulted in increased concerns over the viable strategies and actions that can be applied to mitigate possible adverse effects and make the industry more sustainable. This project identifies the need for a sustainable construction approach, which has been found out to have a high potential of establishing valuable contribution to the agenda of global sustainable development ( Zhang et al., 2014) . The main objectives of this project is to make the construction industry sustainable, including ways of reaching out for efficiency in terms of resources and energy, reduction of CO2 and GHG emissions, prevention of environmental pollution and reducing the total costs incurred in the course of accomplishment of all phases of the construction project ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . Different methods are used in the course of reaching out for the set objectives. For instance, the life-cycle cost tool is applicable in the establishment of the process of achieving cost efficiency of the construction project, while the life-cycle waste management tool is used to establish the model for minimization of possible wastes at the site of construction ( Evan & Sadler, 2008) . The design of the healthy building involved ensuring that the building is free from harmful materials such as asbestos, and the ability to foster health and comfort for occupants. Other factors that were put into consideration while designing the project were sufficient comfort, an acoustical environment and sufficient lighting systems of the building.
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Project Portfolio
Introduction to the Problem
The construction sector is vital to any country considering the contribution it makes to the economy. However, the construction industry impacts the environment in many ways including the introduction of harmful substances to the atmosphere and the consequent depletion of raw materials. Sustainability has also become one of the subjects that is talked about in much as its applications are least understood ( Zhang et al., 2014) . The concept of sustainability embraces the preservation of the environment and the critical development-related issues including sufficient utilization of resources, continual social process, stability in economic growth and poverty eradication ( Howlett et al., 2017) . In the construction sector, buildings have the capacity of making a major contribution in improving the levels of sustainability of the planet as a vital resource of habitation of living things ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . For instance, buildings in developed nations account for more than forty percent of the energy consumption over their lifetime, while this energy incorporates the production of raw materials, construction, operations, maintenance of the buildings and decommissioning. In addition, more than half of the human population lives in urban centers, which makes it clear that sustainable construction is increasingly becoming the vital cornerstone for securing long-term economic, environmental, and social wellbeing.
The major problem that is identified is the need for a sustainable future, where the construction industry has been identified to have adverse effects on the environment, which if not checked, may negatively affect the habitability of the earth planet ( Velasco et al., 2014) . Sustainable construction aims at meeting the present day needs for housing, working environments, and infrastructure without compromising the ability of future generations in meeting their needs in the coming times ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . Sustainable construction incorporates elements of economic efficiency, environmental performance and social responsibility in as much as it contributes to the greatest levels of achievement of architectural quality, technical innovation, and transferability ( Tittagala et al., 2016) . The major target issues that are identified in this project, which also form the problem of synthesis in the construction industry include energy and resource efficiency in building, maintenance of operations, robust technological systems, occupational health and safety of the working environment, and the socially viable environments.
Construction projects have been found out to have a significant impact on the environment both at the local and global scenes. Each stage of the construction process was found to have a measurable impact including the mining process that is used in sourcing the raw materials, the transportation of these materials and the building sites. For instance, the construction process was found to involve waste removal and disposal process that accompanied the completion of the project. The first environmental impact of the construction project is climate change, which is attributed to the warming of the earth. The biggest way in which construction firms were found to contribute to climate change is through the increase in the carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is known to be a product of burning product in the combustion of gas and diesel ( Martinez-Alonso, 2017) . The gas gets trapped in the atmosphere, thereby creating the greenhouse effect that slowly warms up the earth, which leads to other adverse effects such as desertification. Given that each construction project leads to the emission of carbon dioxide, methane and other waste products that contribute to the pollution or air, it is believed that the increase in development of urban centers will contribute to climate change ( Zhang et al., 2014) . The most harmful aspects of the construction project that were found to contribute to the emission of harmful gases are the operation of heavy machinery at the mining sites meant to extract raw materials for use in the projects. It is estimated that the global cement industry contributes to approximately 5% of the global carbon dioxide emissions ( Ogunbiy et al., 2014) . The other applications include the use of fuel and electricity, where fossil fuels are used to transport and process the materials in as much as they are viable sources of energy at the construction sites.
The other environmental impact has been pollution of water sources including the introduction of fossil fuels, paints, solvents and toxic chemicals to water bodies, which in turn affects the sustainability of aquatic life ( Evans & Sadler, 2008) . In most developing countries, there are often less stringent requirements and standards for the disposal of toxic wastes from construction sites, which results in significant local environmental damage following a building project. Moreover, there are environmental impacts of the actual buildings that are under construction, which have been identified ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . It is evident that the daily building operations account for over 40% of the total energy usage at the global scene. This means that there is the need for the application of green building materials in new projects. Such materials should be synthetically produced, where they will reduce or eliminate the need for engagement in destructive and costly mining practices that require the use of fossil fuels. Green materials are also recyclable, which will save on the costs for firms in as much as they will have lesser environmental impacts that will benefit every living thing.
The other sustainability problem that is identified relating the implementation of construction projects is the health and safety of the workers. Worker safety has become an issue that is continually plaguing the construction industry ( Velasco et al., 2014) . For centuries, construction has resulted in the highest number of worker deaths as compared to other industries. Moreover, the number of workplace injuries and related illness has been on the rise due to poor working conditions that the workers are subjected to in the course of accomplishment of their duties at the construction sites ( Hager et al., 2016) . This means that most of the construction project managers are faced with the problem of keeping the workers safe and protecting them against any form of accidents and injuries ( Babashamsi et al., 2016) . In the long-run, the cost of the construction project has always increased due to the legal requirements of compensation and treatment of the injured, while the productivity at the site has been hampered by the injuries caused on the workers ( Poveda & Young, 2015) . This means that the project managers must address the health and risks posed by the construction industry for the definition of sustainability of the projects, which does not only improve the health outcomes but also reduces the inherent costs meant to respond to the adverse effects.
In this project, the median time away from work after suffering from injury or illness at work for an employee was found out to be 10 days ( Zhang et al., 2014) . For an estimated 1000 accident injuries that involved days of work missed in this analysis, over 500 employees were involved in 30 days of absenteeism from work, which works out to nearly half of the accidents requiring days away from work. A simple calculation shows that this was a massive amount of lost productivity due to injuries and illness, which has an impact on increasing the total cost of the construction project. Accidents can be prevented when hazards are mitigated and safe working practices are enforced ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . This means that safety must begin with at the helm of management since companies that have strong safety programs have been found out to be more productive and cost-efficient.
The other problem that was identified is the lack of the design for proper management of resources, energy consumption, and conservation of resources. The construction industry is leveled with the constraint of lack of design strategies including that for energy conservation, material conservation, water, and land conservation. The need for energy conservation has become a real challenge in the construction industry bearing in mind that the industry utilizes both the embodied and the operational energy ( Lu et al., 2018) . The embodied energy includes the manufacture and transportation of materials for building and construction, where it is estimated that 1 tonne of cement production leads to the production of 1 ton of carbon dioxide, while the manufacture of a single brick releases 1.5 kg of the same gas ( Babashamsi et al., 2016) . This implies that as more energy is consumed in the construction process, more adverse effects are caused to the environment, which gives the requirement for its conservation.
How the Problem was solved
The primary aim of the project is to come up with a sustainable construction project which addresses the environmental, social and economic impacts that the project has. In the long-run, the project is meant to define ways in which construction projects can be accomplished at low costs ( Zhang et al., 2014) . Sustainable construction was seen as the major principle that involves the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient in the entire course of the building's life cycle from the planning phase, the design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. In this project, green building was found to expand and complement the classical building design concerns of factors such as the economy, utility, durability, and comfort ( Govindan et al., 2016) . Different technologies have been found and developed to complement the current practices of the creation of greener structures ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . However, the primary objective of green building is to reduce the overall impact of the construction environment on human health and natural environment through three major steps. The first step was to reduce the consumption of inputs such as energy, water, and other resources ( Babashamsi et al., 2016) . The second step involved protection of the occupant health and improvement of employee productivity ( Magar, 2018) . The last step involved reducing wastes, pollution, and environmental degradation as the broader perspective of defining sustainable construction.
The process of waste management was found out to be one of the major tools that could lead to the conservation of resources ( Miles, 2015) . Significant positive results in terms of resource management were highly correlated with up-cycling or repurposing old materials like the soil, wood, metal, and concrete ( Babashamsi et al., 2016) . This concept correlated with the process of conversion of waste materials or useless products from the construction sites into new materials or products of better quality and those having better environmental value than in their previous applications.
On the other hand, the life-cycle cost tool was used in the establishment of the ways of achievement of cost efficiency in the construction projects ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . The figure below shows the tool that was used in the course of implementation of a low-cost construction project. The life-cycle cost tool employs three life cycle costs, which include the initial cost, the cost in use and the recovery cost ( Al-Hajj and Aouad, 1999) . It was vital to assess the costs involved at the start of the project, where both the conventional and current methods were applied including the analysis of the startup costs, cash flow, and the profit and losses incurred ( Ebohon and Rwelamila, 2001) . The project was also focused in the manufacturing stage of the product lifecycle, while the pre and post-manufacturing costs were treated as the expenses.
Aims and Objectives
The major aim of the project was to develop a framework for reaching out to the objective of sustainability at the project-specific level in the construction sector ( Velasco et al., 2014) . The framework was found out to have a significant contribution to the sector and sustainability research through the demonstration of the scale of issues involved such as the assessment of the environmental, economic and social challenges facing the construction industry ( Babashamsi et al., 2016) . The aim of the project was guided by different objectives that were achieved at different life-cycle stages of implementation of the construction projects ( Zhang et al., 2014) . The objectives were determined on the basis of SMART objectives, where the project was meant:
To ensure a proper management of the natural resources, energy consumption, and conservation of materials in the construction sector while maintaining the standards needed to sustain future generations
To ensure that minimum costs are incurred during the construction process by not only cutting down on the number of materials used but to also ensuring cost efficiency recovering the costs incurred easily.
To ensure appropriate design for human adaptation in terms of protecting health and comfort.
Theories and Principles
Six major engineering principles and theories were applied in the course of accomplishment of this project. The first principle was integrity, which was applied in designing the structural features of the construction project ( Tittagala et al., 2016) . For instance, it was considered that high levels of integrity should be applied in designing the structural materials to avoid adverse effects. The other principle is that of testability, where the project was designed to have a repeatable test that can be performed to ensure that it is as expected ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . The tests that were performed included the ability of expansion and contraction in different weather conditions ( Kibert, 2016) . On the other hand, the principle of maintainability was used to define the ways in which the building was designed to last.
External integration was also a vital engineering principle that was used for this course. Guided by this principle, the construction project was supposed to be designed in a way that it could integrate with its environment without any form of harm ( Babashamsi et al., 2016) . The other principle is that of ethics, which guided the consideration that the project would be accomplished in the best interests of the users, the clients and all stakeholders ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . The last principle that was applied was that of management, which involved the ways in which the inputs in the project were controlled ( Lee et al., 2018) . Management was a principle that transcended above the control of human resources, to the control of the various inputs to the project including labor, raw materials, and all required assets.
Standards
Different standards and codes of practices were used in the project, which was essentially the definitive factor for the achievement of sustainability at the construction sites. The standards and codes of practice served as the guide in the execution of the design and workmanship obligations ( Ebohon and Rwelamila, 2001) . In this case, the standards of codes of practice in effect acted as the modified version of the cumulative knowledge and technical expertise within the building and construction industry. Some of these standards included the safety and health standards stipulated under the OSHA regulations. Some of the OSHA standards that were applied included fall protection, respiratory protection, control of hazardous energy lockout or tag out, and guarding of machinery ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . The other standards that were applied were the ethical standards, where the construction project was to follow the laid down legal requirements including the right location and rightful resource acquisition and utilization. Moreover, the environmental such as pollution were addressed, while social issues such as cultural beliefs were put into consideration while accomplishing the project.
Technology and Innovation
Different technologies were found to aid in sustainability and low-cost maintenance in the construction industry. The first technology that was used was the 3-D printed structures. The 3-D technology was found out to reduce the costs of the project by reducing the delays and enhancing the quality of the building ( Velasco et al., 2014) . This, in turn, was found to enhance the building safety and sustainability ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . One of the transformative effects of new technologies was found to be their ability if saving both money and time, which had a huge appeal for the developers. The safety learning technology using applications such as Smartvid.io was applied in the analysis of photos, videos, and other visual data coming from the site of construction while it was also helpful in the analysis of the safety violations ( Okyere, 2017) . The smart learning applications were also valuable tools in tagging items by room and associating them with plan data ( Khalil et al., 2011) . This allowed the people in the job trailer to quickly visualize information on the site without having the need of searching through masses of files.
The project was also made safer through the integration of the VR and augmented reality technology that helped stakeholders to clarify the design ideas and in the process of highlighting the progress ( Ebohon and Rwelamila, 2001) . These technological applications were meant to reduce the time that operators and surveyors spend in the course of assessment of high-hazard areas, where they were helpful in offering health and safety solutions to the developers. The other technology that was applied was the data management tools, where the data measuring software was found to increase the utilization of equipment across any firm as well as the identification of cost-saving models ( Babashamsi et al., 2016) . For instance, there were data measuring and monitoring tools that were employed in the provision of key data reports for fuel, liquids, materials, and possible emissions of hazardous wastes. The data management tools were viable in this case since data on materials were sent from transmitters on-site to the devices through mediums like mail, which drew immediate attention to low supplies.
The design used and Evidence
Project Implementation
Implementation of the project involved putting in place necessary measures of reaching out to the proposed objectives as guided by the project life cycle diagram (Appendix A). The problem of sustainable construction was identified by research and data findings on the current state of environmental, economic and social impacts of the construction industry. For instance, data for carbon dioxide emission shown below was used to identify the environmental problems associated with the construction projects.
The design for the proper management of resources was achieved through four major design strategies including energy conservation, material conservation, water conservation, and ethical land use procedures ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . Energy conservation was achieved through the application of ultra-efficient homes that combined state of the art energy-efficient construction, appliances and lighting with available renewable energy systems like solar electricity ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . On the other hand, material conservation was achieved from the life-cycle phases of resource management, where most of the wastes were recycled for reuse in the construction industry and other related sectors ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . Water was also conserved through the implementation of soft measures such as changing the worker's behavior and managerial policies and planning for water saving. Moreover, there were measures put in place to conserve water bodies by sound waste disposal mechanisms that could reduce the environmental impact of the construction site.
The next phase of implementation involved designing the methods for achievement of cost efficiency. In this case, the life-cycle cost tool was used in the analysis of inherent costs including the initial costs, the cost in use, and the recovery cost ( Al-Hajj and Aouad, 1999) . Reduction of the initial costs involved the sourcing of locally available materials, which reduced the essence of the costs for transportation ( Velasco et al., 2014) . The next step in the course of implementation of the project was designed for the human activities. For instance, the design for healthy building involved ensuring that the building was free from harmful materials such as asbestos, while it could embrace the health and safety of occupants ( Ebohon and Rwelamila, 2001) . The problem of safety in the workplace was identified by analysis of the statistics on the sources of work-related injuries depicted below ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . The building was made in such a way that it had enough ventilation for thermal comfort, acoustical environment, and sufficient daylight.
The ethical issues that were addressed in this project are the need for presentation of auditable financial records, which can aid in accountability of the resources consumed ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . It was identified that financial reporting can also contribute in the surge of the costs of construction projects, where financial officers should undergo training on the management and reporting of financial resources put in place in the course of implementation of the project.
Research Models and Methods Employed
Different research models were used in this analysis, where statements were made including propositions involving concepts of sustainability in the construction sector ( Khatib et al., 2016) . The primary research involved observations and interviews of subjects at the construction sites on the need for sustainability and the models that can be applicable in reducing the costs of the construction project ( Ebohon and Rwelamila, 2001) . On the other hand, secondary models were used through analysis of data findings from other researchers on the costs of construction projects and ways of mitigating high costs such as waste management and recycling ( Foulkes & Ruddock, 2007) . Consequently, different technologies and engineering practices were employed in the course of implementation of the construction project ( Rodríguez et al., 2016) . For instance, the 3-D technology was found out to reduce the costs of the project by reducing the delays and enhancing the quality of the building ( Velasco et al., 2014) . This, in turn, was found to enhance the building safety and sustainability. The other technology that was applied was the data management tools, where the data measuring software was found to increase the utilization of equipment across any firm as well as the identification of cost-saving models.
Project Problems
Some of the project problems that were identified included poorly defined goals and the scope creep. The problem of poorly defined goals came about since most of the project members did not clearly understand what they could exactly expect from the project. This problem was solved by setting up clear objectives and ensuring that each team member understands the roles and responsibilities as well as the project deliverables from the start. On the other hand, the problem of scope creep came about as a result of the expansion of the project outside the planned objectives. It is evident that at first, the project was meant to cut down on the costs of construction ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . However, other related issues emerged along the way such as environmental conservation and ensuring the safety of the construction project, which led to the expansion of the project outside of the planned scope ( Forbes & Ahmed, 2010) . The problem of scope creep was solved by proper planning and understanding the needs of the customers in addition to ensuring that the objectives were clearly communicated to all stakeholders.
Impact
The project outcomes have been found to have a positive impact on the stakeholders, the business, production, and the community. The stakeholders and the business community have benefited from the project as it will lead to the reduction of the inherent costs of construction, which will improve on the levels of profitability (Clark et al, 2015). The project has also impacted positively on the production process as it has ensured that there is sustainability in the course of utilization of raw materials ( Zhang et al., 2014) . Moreover, the project has positively impacted the market and the community through ensuring that the construction industry is sustainable in terms of the costs, protection of the environment and reduction of health hazards at construction sites.
Portfolio Contents
Evidence of accomplishments was measured through the analysis of the outcomes of the project. The evidence for accomplishment can be seen in the analysis of the objectives and the ways in which the objectives were met. For instance, the design for proper resource management was achieved through design strategies such as energy conservation, material, water and land conservation ( Velasco et al., 2014) . This can be seen from the life-cycle waste management tool, which shows the ways in which the materials are consumed and recycled at each phase of production. The other evidence is the implementation of the design for methods of achieving cost efficiency, where the life-cycle cost tool was used in the analysis of the initial cost with the recommendation of locally sourced materials as a viable means of reducing the cost of transportation ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . Consequently, the implementation of the design of human activities was accomplished through putting in place OSHA standards for occupational health in the course of implementation of the project.
There was also the evidence related to the illustration of the UKSPEC-A and UKSPEC-B competencies in this project. UK-SPEC-A competencies were related to the knowledge and understanding, while the UKSPEC-B competencies were related to the design and development of the process, systems, services and products ( Clark et al., 2015) . In the case of knowledge and understanding, the project was carried out in such a way that it would enable the members to carry out their tasks to an effective standard ( Ciegis et al., 2009) . Knowledge and understanding were developed through a combination of formal and informal learning, while peer training was found out as a valuable tool for sharing knowledge with the end result of high levels of competence among construction project teams ( Engineering Council, 2016) . On the other hand, the UKSPEC-B competence was developed by the design and development of processes, systems, services, and products. Three major designs were applied in this project, which included the design for methods of achievement of cost efficiency, the design for proper management of resources, and the design for human activities. Each design category enhanced the achievement of the set objective, which was low-cost construction ( Akadiri et al., 2012) . Consequently, the intellectual property gained in this project is evidenced by the development of technological innovation tools for monitoring of the costs of the construction project at each phase of the project.
Reflections and Conclusions
Low-cost construction has been found to be a fundamental concept in defining the sustainability of any construction project. Achievement of low-cost construction covers the broader perspective of activities such as resource management, development of cost-efficient designs, and ensuring that the project meets the health and safety standards. The major issues that arose in the completion of the project were ethical issues such as proper waste disposal and protection of the environment as part of the core activities of corporate social responsibilities. The difference between planning and implementation of the actual project was identified to lie in the deliverables at each phase, where planning involved setting up of the project scope, while implementation involved execution of the deliverables set within the scope. The overall project has been successful, bearing in mind that the set objectives were set using the SMART criteria. Some of the lessons that I have learned in the course of accomplishment of this project is that the success of any project requires clear communication of the deliverables, where each project team requires a proper system of understanding of their roles. Moreover, professional skills such as communication, resource management, and administrative skills were acquired in the course of accomplishment of any project. Consequently, the fulfillment of the UKSPEC competencies gave the requirement of knowledge and understanding of the standards applied to the certification of the project. On the other hand, the professional commitment was required in the design and development of the processes, systems, services, and products, which was in line with the fulfillment of the UKSPEC competencies.
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Appendices
Appendix A: The construction project life cycle diagram
