Natural Caused Categories
Type of Hazard | Mitigation strategies |
Winter storms |
Monitoring of weather conditions through early warning systems. Winter storms may turn into blizzards that last for few days, meaning that there is a need to be prepared for any eventualities. According to Ripberger et al. (2018), organizations could reduce the negative impacts of winter storms by analyzing weather patterns to determine when they are likely to occur and their intensity and duration. From here, organizations would then move people and property to safe areas to curtail damages. Modification of existing buildings to ensure that they would endure the impacts of winter storms. This strategy would involve relocation, elevation, and use of shatter-resistant glass and storm shutters to reduce the extent of the damage. |
Tornadoes |
Incorporation of tornado-resistant building techniques in new and existing structures. Ripberger et al. (2018) suggest that individuals and organizations could strap walls to roofs and foundations to create a continuous line of protection. Similarly, he advocates for the use of high-wind rated construction materials, especially around entrances. Designing and disseminating emergency plans that describe actions that should be taken in case of tornadoes. Organizations that design emergency plans should conduct drill exercises to determine if employees and supervisors will act accordingly. These plans are essential as they prepare people to deal with the aftermath of tornadoes. |
Wildfires |
Policymakers should adopt and enforce local codes that ensure that homes and other buildings are designed, constructed, and retrofitted with materials resistant to ignition (Koopmans et al., 2020). At the same time, homeowners should replace roofs and siding with non-flammable materials to ensure that embers from their houses do not cause wildfires. Clearing brush within 100 feet of homes. This strategy is of uttermost importance as it reduces the likelihood of wildfires reaching homes despite their intensity and speed. |
Technological-Caused Disasters
Type of Hazard | Mitigation Strategies |
Water |
Regular risk assessments to identify possible security gaps. This mitigation strategy is essential as it allows the management of water resources to assess the level and intensity of risks. From here, prioritize the order they would use to address these vulnerabilities. Conducting a regular inventory of the organizational asset base. This approach is practical, considering that it enables water plant operators to discover and terminate threats before interfering with the existing control systems. Designing and implementing effective access control mechanisms to safeguard against unauthorized entry (Tuptuk et al., 2021). Criminal elements may use water resources or plants to attack large populations either through poisoning or military attacks. For this reason, the management should use secure access service edge (SASE) systems to keep off unauthorized vessels and individuals. |
Power |
Coordinated efforts where stakeholders share threat information regularly. Particularly, electricity companies need to collaborate with the government at all levels to increase the likelihood of recovery in case of attacks on national grids (ICF International, 2016). This collaboration is of uttermost importance as it enhances the understanding of the impacts of attacks and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Adoption of system configurations and improved technologies. The energy sector should review the existing equipment and technologies to deal with common vulnerabilities (Alshawish & Meer, 2019). Notably, there is a need to streamline the different types of transformers by making them interchangeable and interoperable to be used across all the utilities. Restriction of physical access through card readers, locks for employees and controls and physical barriers for vehicles. Power stations need to employ full-time guards and tall fences to limit visual data collection that would culminate into a physical attack. Reconfiguration of facility layouts by repositioning equipment to protect more vulnerable components. The strategy is essential as it reduces external sightlines by creating buffer zones that limit the effects of explosions and the spread of fires (ICF international, 2016). |
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Human-Caused Categories
Type of Hazard | Mitigation Strategies |
Cow Chip Festivals |
Limiting attendees to reduce the number of casualties. Cow festivals attract large crowds, thus paving the way for being trampled upon if disasters arise during the events. Event organizers need to limit the number of people who participate or spectate to enhance rescue operations in any eventuality. Designing large aisles to accommodate all attendees. Cow chip festivals are exciting events, meaning that participants would tag their friends and relatives along. For this reason, event organizers need to ensure that the space is big enough to reduce the likelihood of being hit by the chips. |
State High School Rowing Championship |
Assessment of water bodies to determine the level of risk that they present. Event organizers need to establish if the rowing course would make the participants liable for drowning, physical injury or developing medical conditions on contact with the water. Training participants before they take part in the rowing championship. This strategy is important, considering that high school students may be ignorant of the water bodies' dangers. Prior training is important as it helps the participants and spectators to understand the level of risk. Employing water safety experts at designated positions all along the rowing course. Event organizers need to seek qualified people who would rescue the participants in case their vessels or capsize or drown. Effective crowd control strategies would include limiting the number of spectators to reduce the likelihood of drowning. |
References
Alshawish, A., Meer, H. (2019). Risk mitigation in electric power systems: Where to start? Energy Information, 2 (3), 34 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-019-0099-6
ICF International. (2016). Electric grid security and resilience: Establishing a baseline for adversarial threats. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electric%20Grid%20Security%20and%20Resilience
Koopmans, E., Fyfe, T., Eadie, M., & Pelletier, C. A. (2020). Exploring prevention and mitigation strategies to reduce the health impacts of occupational exposure to wildfires for wildland firefighters and related personnel: Protocol of a scoping study. Systemic Reviews, 9 (2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01381-y
Ripberger, J, T., Jenkins-Smith, H. C., Silva, C. L., Czajkowski, J., Kunreuther, H., & Simmons, K. M. (2018). Tornado damage mitigation: Homeowner support for enhanced building codes in Oklahoma. Risk Analysis, 38(11), 2300-2317. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13131
Tuptuk, N., Hazell, P., Watson, J., * Hailes, S. (2021). A systematic review of the state of cyber-security in water systems. Water, 13 (2), 81-101.https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010