The rule of logic in modus ponens identifies that if a conditional statement is accepted where, if a then b, and the antecedent (a) holds, then the consequence (b) may be inferred. This argument is used to identify the validity of invalidity of a statement. According to Botham’s visual lecture, from minute 17:25, the modus ponens argument is presented where two premises and a conclusion are given. The first, If the sky is green, then the sky is poisonous” and second, “the sky is green”. The conclusion being, “thus, the sky is poisonous” (Botham, 2013). Despite the fact that the second premise and conclusion are both false, the argument is seen as being valid. Validity is evident due to the relationship of the premises and there is no consistent way things might be. The form modus ponens used in this argument makes it always valid.
The presentation by Craig on the Kalam Cosmological argument identifies that every being that begins to exist has a cause for its beginning. Therefore, the world is a being which begins and possesses a cause for its beginning (Craig 2014). The author reaffirms Al-Ghazali’s quote recognizing that not all valid arguments should have premises that are known with certainty. The evidence of the cosmological argument need not emphasize certainty of the premises to be considered good deductive arguments. It is clear that the presented evidence fares well with other theistic arguments in the presentation of the premises. Craig goes on to discuss three of Grünbaum’s arguments that highlight modus ponens form in identifying the objectivity of temporal becoming in the Kalam cosmological argument (Craig, 2013). The first is the conception of nowness, the failure of physics to know nothing of temporal becoming, and finally the tenseless theory is free of an important perplexity.
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References
Botham, T. (2013) Logic 3 - Validity . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvnfMYMAebE
Craig, W. L. (2012) 'The Kalam Cosmological argument and the anthropic principle' reprinted in Pojman and Vaughn (eds.) Philosophy: the Quest for Truth , pp. 62-79
Craig, W. L. (2014) Baylor ISR: Plantinga Conference . YouTube, Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AwDTpggJAE
