The crust is the outer surface of the earth, it occurs in two different types (Oceanic crust and Continental crust), and each has different physical and chemical properties. The typical chemical properties of both Oceanic crust and Continental crust is iron- and magnesium-rich silicate minerals (Hofmann, 1988). Oceanic crust is composed of magma that erupts from the sea floor creating basalt lava that cools deep in the sea floor. Sediments from sea creatures and mud coat the sea floor and it is thicker along the shore because most of the deposits get into the sea from the land through the river and wind current. Continental crust, on the other hand, is composed of different types of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
The theory of electric spark believes that lightning may have provided a spark that was necessary for life to begin on earth. The electric spark was essential in generating amino acids and sugars from the atmosphere containing water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen. Lightning might have played a vital role in creating the building blocks of life on earth in the early days resulting at the beginning of life on earth (Dose, 1988). Over millions of years, more complex and larger molecules develop constituting to the presence of complicated life on earth. However, during that time researchers manage to reveal that the atmosphere in early time was deficient in hydrogen, but volcanic clouds in the atmosphere manage to hold methane, ammonia, and hydrogen that the lightning spark transformed it to building blocks of life.
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NOAA and the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) had a plan to complete deep-water mapping in the Caribbean and South Atlantic from November 28 to December 16, 2018. They use tools like remotely operated vehicle dives (ROV) and telepresence-enabled mapping in support of ocean exploration and federal agency and the needs of the scientific community. The mission will cover San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Charleston, South Carolina in 19 days at sea using NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. The objective of the sea mapping was to test the application of 3D printing at sea by investigating how resin-based 3D printing performs at sea motion and how to compensate for the movement. There was no experiment done before concerning resin-based 3D printing where the results will help in refining the technology. The result from the exploration of 3D printing at sea will assist in enhancing the deployment of ships in sea eliminating the need for the sea vessels to return to the port. The exercise of mapping the strategic transit targets poorly mapped areas that exhibit complex terrain, seamounts, and even deepwater ridges.
The data collection in the mission involves mapping and ROV dives in support of the community and agency needs. OER in conjunction with the University of New Hampshire Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping will deploy a hydrophone array that will characterize sound patterns of EM302 multibeam echosounder. EM302 is efficient because it collects high-resolution maps and images of the seafloor. The project is also essential in helping the scientific community understand how EM302 sonar travels in water columns allowing them to understand multibeam data and its potentiality in changing the ambient environmental soundscape.
One of the challenges in the ocean exploration mission was working for 24 hours a day meaning that the people on deep-sea exploration mission had to work in tight schedules. Data collection in the exploration was successful, and the information was essential in raising a collective knowledge and understanding of the deep-water areas in the Caribbean and the South Atlantic Bight. The data from the mission is also vital in informing, supporting research planning, and management decisions in the area. The exploration is of benefit to oceanography because it helps in understanding the nature of seafloor and in mapping seafloor-enabling navigation of the ships more efficient and reliable. The project will produce maps and images of the seafloor showing different terrains, seamounts, and even deepwater ridges that guides sea-navigation especially on the areas having complex sea terrain.
References
Dose, K. (1988). The origin of life: More questions than answers. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 13(4) , 348-356.
Hofmann, A. W. (1988). hemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(3) , 297-314.
