Pain is a nasty feeling that could range from trivial, restricted anxiety to suffering. Pain contains both physical and emotional constituents. On its Physical aspects, it is quite clear that pain emanates from the prompt of nerves. It may be limited to a distinct area, such as in an injury, or it can be a little more critical in ailments such as fibromyalgia. Furthermore, it is assisted to take effect by certain nerve fibers that transmit the pain itches to the brain where their sensible indebtedness might be adjusted by quite a considerable number of factors.
Pain is always categorized with regard to its pathophysiology in two major forms which include neuropathic and nociceptive. Neuropathic constitutes the unusual dispensation of stimuli from the peripheral or the CNS. Generally, Neuropathic pain is viewed as with no significant function. On the other hand, Nociceptive is viewed as the ordinary pain that takes effect when free nerve ends are stimulated by the impairment or inflammation of tissues
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To start with, acute pain is the ordinary projected physiological reiteration to an antagonistic chemical, thermal, or even a mechanical provocation, which in most cases may be linked to trauma, surgery, or acute illnesses. This type of pain is highly characterized with an austere impulsive commencement; it can be said as a physiological response that threatens an occurrence of a risk. Acute pain normally takes a short period of time and generally, it is nociceptive, which means that it is usually pigeonholed to tissue damage. Additionally, this type of pain is usually characterized with a lot of hyperactivity and apprehension of the sympathetic nervous system and high rates of respiration. It is also associated with tachycardia, diaphoresis, as well as distended pupils (Tighe, 2015).
Chronic pain refers to agony and discomfort that does not stop and instead progresses despite ample healing. Generally, chronic is used to define a pain that perseveres in an estimated period of three months or even more. It can be further subdivided into two, i.e. malignant and non-malignant which is used to distinguish between non-life threatening pain and life-threatening disorders like cancer. Victims of chronic pain suffer much such that, their quality of life is jeopardized (Cote & Montgomery, 2014).
Referred pain on the other hand describes an agony and distress that is perceived at a location that is different from the specific point of origin of the pain. It is usually an aftermath of a system joining sensory nerves. When damages or injury happen at one point in the network lining, the pain of that point is interpreted by the brain to discharge nerve impulse and hence the pain is placed somewhere else but in the same or related network (Frey Law & Merkle, 2014)
The deterrence control and treatment of chronic, acute and referred pain may be affected by some patient factors such as ethnicity and gender. On ethnicity, it is undeniable that ethnic disparities are a key concern in the treatment of pain. A good example is the difference in pain prevalence and impact that exists between the white and African Americans. In a study to assess the impact of pain in the ethnic groups of the U.S, it was found that for African Americans, intrusion and disappointment were considerably linked with pain-reduction behavior while among the whites, pain intensity and intrusion were the sturdiest predictors of pain-relieving actions (Ford et al., 2015).
Finally, sex and gender factor remains to be a key concern in responses to pain. It is clear that women are more vulnerable to pain than men. This is because of their exhibition of great sympathy, boosted pain enablement, as well as condensed pain reserve compared to the masculine gender. Some of the pain contributing factors in women include sex hormones, gender roles and endogenous opioid function.
References
Cote, J., & Montgomery, L. (2014). Sublingual Buprenorphine as an Analgesic in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Medicine , 15 (7), 1171-1178. doi: 10.1111/pme.12386
Ford, B., Snow, A., Herr, K., & Tripp-Reimer, T. (2015). Ethnic Differences in Nonverbal Pain Behaviors Observed in Older Adults with Dementia. Pain Management Nursing , 16 (5), 692-700. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2015.03.003
Frey Law, L., & Merkle, S. (2014). (189) Primary pain intensity predicts referred pain incidence. The Journal Of Pain , 15 (4), S23. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.01.095
Tighe, P. (2015). Ising Model of the Chronification of Acute Pain: Editorial. Pain Medicine , n/a-n/a. doi: 10.1111/pme.12932
