Chronic Asthma - mostly recognized by heightened vulnerability to type 2 inflammation, increased sensitivity to viral infections, bacterial colonization or vitiated lung development. In chronic asthma dendritic cells, lymphocytes, mast cells eosinophils, T helper two cells, B lymphocytes, neutrophils, and basophils promote the perverse inflammation of the bronchial mucosa and hyperresponsiveness of the airways (Hammer & McPhee, 2014).
Acute Asthma - occurs when an inhaled antigen bine to a mast cell that has performed IgE. The mast cells begin to degranulate and release inflammatory mediators including bradykinins, histamine, prostaglandins, interleukins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). These intermediaries cause bronchospasm of the smooth muscles of the airway, and edema from increased capillary permeability. Goblet cells have an increase in mucus secretion also causing constriction in the airway. Dendritic cells detect the antigens and send a signal to Th2 cells, which release interleukin -4 (IL-4) and many others. These interleukins cause B cells to favor IgE production. The Th2 cells can also produce IL-5 which stimulate eosinophils. Eosinophils create significant protein and eosinophilic cationic protein that cause damage to the respiratory epithelium. Many inflammatory cells contribute to the inflammatory process and airway obstruction IgE; neutrophile is examples.
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2. How does age significantly affects the asthmatic patient?
In several studies done previously on the implication of gender as an important factor to understanding the concept of asthma, several correlations have been established on these two important variables. A 2012 study suggested that asthma is 20% more prevalent among women above the age of 35 years (Leynaert et al., 2012). Similarly, the authors also mentioned gender is a high-risk factor for non-allergic asthma, for which a bigger incidence is reportedly seen more amongst women. Furthermore, a 2015 study pointed out how asthma is very different amongst women. In this study the authors noted that asthma become more rampant and severe among women especially when they hit puberty (Zein & Erzurum, 2015). The same findings were also recorded with women who entered menarche and those who were in various stages of their pregnancy (Zein & Erzurum, 2015). Similarly, it was also found that asthma decreases as an individual age. However, these findings did not hold the same for women (Hansen et al., 2015). Instead, there had been findings that women tend to develop asthma beginning early to middle adulthood (Hansen et al., 2015).
There are several ways to treat and manage asthma. Most of these treatment does not necessarily involve medication or a prescription. In fact, one plan on managing asthma relies heavily on exercise and keeping a strict healthy lifestyle.
There are exercises that are designed to improve breathing and airway circulation. One of those exercise is swimming. Swimming helps develop one’s breathing. The logic behind this assumption is on the concept that breathing warm and moist air when one is in the swimming pool is better than breathing a cold and dry air which might decrease the risk of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction ("Asthma: can swimming help?,” 2014).
Keeping away from things and allergens that might trigger an asthma attack is also another way of treating asthma. Certain things might trigger that start of asthma like smoke from cigarettes, dust, flowers—just to name a few allergens and irritants (Asthma UK, 2018). Thus, the best way not to have an asthma attack is to find what triggers your asthma.
Reference
Asthma: can swimming help? - myDr.com.au. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.mydr.com.au/asthma/asthma-can-swimming-help
Hammer, G., & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Hansen, S., Probst-Hensch, N., Keidel, D., Dratva, J., Bettschart, R., & Pons, M. et al. (2015). Gender differences in adult-onset asthma: results from the Swiss SAPALDIA cohort study. European Respiratory Journal , 46 (4), 1011-1020. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02278-2014
How is asthma commonly treated? | Asthma UK. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.asthma.org.uk/advice/inhalers-medicines-treatments/how/
Leynaert, B., Sunyer, J., Garcia-Esteban, R., Svanes, C., Jarvis, D., & Cerveri, I. et al. (2012). Gender differences in prevalence, diagnosis and incidence of allergic and non-allergic asthma: a population-based cohort. Thorax , 67 (7), 625-631. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201249
Zein, J., & Erzurum, S. (2015). Asthma is Different in Women. Current Allergy And Asthma Reports , 15 (6). doi: 10.1007/s11882-015-0528-y
