According to Panzarella & Vona (2006) , it is indeed clear that police studies masterworks have undergone different transformations. This transformation started in the late 1800s with the hope of establishing a new social and technological science of policing and has since grown rapidly after academic researchers and federal government commission began viewing at police as both individuals and organizations. Some of the great masterworks that were chosen for these classic studies of policing include Wesley’s study, Fogelson’s study, and Goldstein’s study. As indicated by Panzarella & Vona (2006) , Wesley’s study examined the operation of policemen at the street level. He analyzed the violence and secrecy among police and viewed these actions in the context of police morality based on legitimations commonly accepted among police officers. Wesley also examined the roots of morality, the rule of secrecy, legitimate and illegitimate uses of police powers, the range of police action choices and legitimations for violence in the maintenance of respect. Additionally, Fogelson’s study mainly concentrated on the management level of policing which tended to cut off from street-level policing. Some aspects of policing that Fogelson focused on include big-city police which was the second generation of reformers that wanted to make police more like professionals. He also examined the reform at a standstill, the doubts of citizens about the course of police reforms, signs of dwindling confidence in the police, the rising costs of policing, concerns about police autonomy, citizens’ rights and civil rights and finally population changes and attitudes toward police. After Fogelson’s study, Goldstein came with his studies. His studies greatly analyzed policing at the political level where a police department had to encounter the current local government to explore fundamental ideas about how police operate as individuals or as organizations and their place in a democratic society. In his study, Goldstein examined policing as a free society, the basic system, and the problem it presents, its various administrative arrangements for achieving accountability, the recent developments pointing to the inadequacies in the present system and essential elements for achieving greater accountability.
Reference
Panzarella, R., & Vona, D. (2006). Criminal Justice Masterworks.
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