The first phase in policymaking is setting the agendas; policymakers at this phase make specific decisions. The policymakers are asked to suggest topics to be considered during a discussion and for a topic to qualify it has to be scrutinized through the following; should be systemic, this means that the topic should have necessary issues policymakers consider worthy.
The topic should be institutional; this means that the topic was formed from systemic agenda. The topic should be discretional; this topic should give a solution to solve the problem chosen by legislators and the last step to consider is the decision agenda where the compiled issues are passed to the next phase to be tested before moving to the third step ( Dror, 2017 ).
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The second phase is formulating the policy. This is the phase where the solutions are discussed in detail to determine how the problem discussed in phase one will be solved. The members try all means to convince other policymakers of their interests. Other important issues considered in this point include budget, political challenges detail or how a given program might be protected ( Fleetwood, 2017 ). Thus the policies are made on bargaining bases.
The other phase is legitimating the policy which involves considering the actions of government which are legal and varied. Thus to have legitimacy in the US, the process of legislation is considered, and when this happens its termed as a law thus can be forwarded to the next level, the implementation phase. In the implementation phase, policies are tried and put to action; this tests whether the policies are good, but if the process of implementing is poorly done the policy will fail. After the policy has been implemented the next phase is to test the policy through evaluating it ( Dror, 2017 ).
In the evaluation phase, policymakers determine whether the objectives of the policy are met. Thus policymakers have to evaluate and measure results effectively because in many situations the former is easier than the latter. Thus a little resistance will be observed at the beginning of the implementation process. The sixth phase is maintaining or terminating the policy. The policies are gauged after some period to determine if the aims of the policy are met. However, if this is met, the policies are maintained but if not the policies are terminated but upon new issues the cycle for making policies beings.
The process of policymaking affects laws and legal processes; these have to adhere to a given process of handling and dealing with the laws and other legal processes. Healthcare economics is the process of dealing with effectiveness, characters of different people and their value. Administration of health and healthcare while financing health deals with collecting finances through mobilization and channeling it to healthcare providers equally ( Kuhar and Chopra, 2018 ). These branches are related in many ways, both are dealing with finances.
Secondly, both are dealing with healthcare services. Healthcare services are better if all are incorporated. If these finances are used in the process of policymaking there will be better policies because of enough cash but the health services will be poor ( Kuhar and Chopra, 2018 ). The federal insurance health program has helped the poor in Alaska get the best treatment that they could afford. However, individuals have to pay some cash every month whether they are sick or not for their insurances. Those without the federal insurances cannot afford to be treated in some hospitals because the cash needed to get the services is slightly higher but these are the best services. This has brought health reforms to the healthcare sector because the poor and the rich get the same treatment that the poor could not afford in earlier days.
However, there are legal concepts that underlie in healthcare; this includes gross negligence, negligence, malpractices and accidental against intentional practices. Gross negligence is misconduct openly done and recognized by all while the other simple negligence is where misconducts are carried out with care ( Kuhar and Chopra, 2018 ); this is closely related to malpractice which involves doing the opposite of what is expected. Some examples include, deliberately leaving a surgical instrument in the body of the patient or amputating a leg that is not affected. However, it’s the right of the patient to get better treatment thus the federal ensures that the public is served with quality services.
It’s ethical to give the patients the best treatment and offer them the best services that could ever be done to them but in doing this the nurse should ensure that they do not influence the patient in any way of making decisions ( Fleetwood, 2017 ), this should be left to the patient to do for themselves. The health ethics help the nurses prevent injuries and diseases that can spread from the patient to the nurses. The nurses have the necessary skills they have learned to help patients and treat them in sickness while offering leadership to the patient and those who accompanied the patient. However, not all the nurses have all these qualities, some could be doing nursing because it’s the only option to make a living from, thus they are doing it as a role and do not have the skills.
Others have the necessary skills on how to handle the sick thus create a good rapport with patients. The last group is those lacking leadership, for example, some nurses crying when they see the condition of a patient. The federal insurances should be embraced by all because of its benefits; people can access health services globally without cash by using these insurances. The public health professionals are responsible for ensuring that in case of emergencies proper measures are in place ( Asada, 2019 ). They are also engaged in research on better treatment for the diseases affecting the people. They prepare emergency processes that should be utilized in case of a health emergency.
References
Asada, Y. (2019). Measuring Health Inequity: A Public Health Ethics Inquiry. The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics , 301.
Dror, Y. (2017). Public policymaking reexamined . Routledge.
Fleetwood, J. (2017). Public health, ethics, and autonomous vehicles. American journal of public health , 107 (4), 532-537.
Kuhar, D., Pollock, D., Yokoe, D., Howell, M., & Chopra, V. (2018). Healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC).
