Question 1
Societies are facing health resource shortages, due to reasons like; limited health budgets, increased life expectancy and continuous or temporal physical scarcities of resources like medical donors. These factors make it challenging to equally distribute medical needs to all. Ethics offers normative guidance to health professionals for how to fairly distribute scarce medical resources (Krutli et al., 2016) . The ethical principle of justice is significant in ensuring that all aspects of justice are considered in the distribution of scarce resources. According to Olsen et al., distributive justice is great guidance to nurses and managers in ensuring that the distribution of scarce resources is done equally (Olsen et al., 2003). Upholding of human rights especially for displaced persons fall under the ethical principles of respect for persons and contextual caring. Displaced persons rights are at the risk of being infringed and thus, the principle of respect for the person is ideal in ensuring that, they are respected and cared for.
Other three basic ethical principles include, truth telling which suggests about non-closure and avoiding deception during the research, non-maleficence discourages inflicting the slightest harm possible to attain beneficial results and lastly, the principle of contextual caring directs caring be incorporated as part of the research, by considering key values such as environment and culture.
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People in developing countries are faced with many challenges, an indication that researchers should not use the opportunity to exploit them (Alfano, 2013). The principle of beneficence is significant in ensuring that the local community where the research is being carried benefit both directly and indirectly.
Question 2
Food security is a state whereby every individual is able to access sufficient food on a daily basis that is nutritious to the development of the body. According to USAID, there is a need to identify the underlying causes of malnutrition in order to adopt effective measures to combat food insecurity (USAID, 2019). Some of the steps include but not limited to; educational programs on ideal foods to be produced and incorporation of nutrition education in schools in attempts to create responsible individuals on matters concerning nutrition.
Despite the major technological advances in the world, food security has not been achieved due to some reasons such as poverty, lack of employment and political unrest, especially in poor countries.
Dupe contends that undernutrition has caused the deaths of many children under the age of 5 (Dupe, 2010). High mortality rate, stunted growth and lack of important minerals and vitamins in the body are some of the effects of undernutrition. On the other hand, overnutrition consequences comprise of developing diabetes and co-morbidities, reduced quality life and increased financial burden especially on the government in providing health care services.
References
Alfano S.L. (2013). Conducting research with human subjects in international settings: ethical considerations. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 86 (3): 315-321. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767216/ .
Dupe, A. (2010). Policy briefing: nutrition in Haiti. Jones & Bartlett, LLC . 1-3.
Krütli, P., Rosemann, T., Törnblom, K. Y., & Smieszek, T. (2016). How to fairly allocate scarce medical resources: ethical argumentation under scrutiny by health professionals and lay people. PloS one , 11 (7), e0159086. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159086.
Olsen, P. D. (2003). Ethical considerations in international nursing research. Nursing Ethics 10 (2): 123-136.
USAID (2019). Nutrition. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/nutrition.
