| Step in Protein synthesis | Location in cell | Key Events | Molecule Produced | |
| Transcription |
-In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation are coupled. - in a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus. |
- In prokaryotic cell given there is no nucleus that is meant to separate processes of transcription and translation when bacterial genes are transcribed their transcripts can then be translated ( Cox et al. , 2015). -in Eukaryotic cell transcription and translation are separated in eukaryotic cells. |
Pre-mRNA | |
| RNA Processing | -Eukaryotic cell | -there is the protection of both ends of the transcript and also the removal of intervening in non-protein-coding regions. | RNA molecule | |
| Translation | cytoplasm | - The mRNA enters the cytoplasm by the nuclear pores. Then it is translated into the protein by ribosomes. This is the process referred as translation. | Short sequences of amino acids called peptides. | |
| Protein Processing | Cytosol or in the ER/Golgi system. | -protein processing. | Protein | |
|
Structure Involved in Protein Synthesis and Secretion |
Role | |||
| DNA | It is the central material that stores all the genetic information for protein synthesis. Were through the process called transcription synthesis RNA is produced which is the transcript of DNA information (Pimenova, Thathiah, De Strooper & Tesseur, 2014).). | |||
| mRNA | -it acts as the messages that carry the generic information that is copied from the DNA, and it specifies particular amino acid. | |||
| Ribosome | -they are complex structures that move physically along the mRNA molecule as they catalyze the assembly of the amino acids and form them into protein chains. | |||
| tRNA | -they are tasked to decode a specific code in the mRNA using the anticodon available of tRNA, so that transfers a specific amino acid all the way to the end of the chain in the ribosome. | |||
| Anticodon | -anticodon at its “tip” corresponds to the “tail” of the amino acid | |||
| Amino acid | -they act as the modulators of intracellular signal transduction that is associated with growth-promoting hormones such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors. | |||
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | -it is the component where newly-synthesized polypeptides fold and also multimeric proteins assemble and also the glycoproteins are known to acquire their asparagine-linked glycan. | |||
| Golgi apparatus | -it acts as the major collection point and also dispatch point of all the protein products that are received from the endoplasmic reticulum. | |||
| Plasma membrane | -translocate secreted polypeptides the secreted polypeptides in the bacteria that allows the conversion of protein secretion machinery in the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic cells. | |||
References
Cox, C. J., Choudhry, F., Peacey, E., Perkinton, M. S., Richardson, J. C., Howlett, D. R., ... & Williams, R. J. (2015). Dietary (−)-epicatechin as a potent inhibitor of βγ-secretase amyloid precursor protein processing. Neurobiology of aging , 36 (1), 178-187.
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Pimenova, A. A., Thathiah, A., De Strooper, B., & Tesseur, I. (2014). Regulation of amyloid precursor protein processing by serotonin signaling. PloS one , 9 (1), e87014.
