Racial Profiling
Racial profiling is the act of segregating, discriminating, targeting, or suspecting a person on grounds of belonging to a particular race or ethnicity ( Gwyn, 1993) .
Essentialism
Essentialism is the school of thought that things have a set of characteristics that gives them their originality, and which cannot be observed directly.
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Universalism
Universalism is a theological standpoint that all humankind would be ultimately saved and that they are not destined to eternal damnation.
Decontextualization
Decontextualization is the concept of revealing another context of a constituent different from its core context.
Binary Polarization
Binary polarization is an idea that involves oversimplifying issues and delineating them into two opposing sides, like being good or bad.
What are the manifestations of racism in the Justice System?
The first manifestation of racism in the justice system is the disproportionate incarceration rate. Over the years, experts have revealed that more African-Americans are incarcerated compared to their white counterparts. The population of incarceration centers have also been found to comprise more people of color than whites ( Jones, 2012) . Discriminatory sentencing such as the issuance of death penalty also exposes the institutionalization of racism in the American justice system. There are more African-Americans who have faced and are continuing to face execution compared to criminals from white communities. Racism is also evident in how the police use force during arrests ( Gwyn, 1993) . Recent happenings in this regard have exposed the idea that the police use more brutal force while arresting individuals from communities of color compared to when they are arresting one from a white community.
What are the manifestations of Racism in Policing?
Disproportional confinement of suspects is the first manifestation of racism in policing. Law enforcement seems to target people of color without real cause. For instance, the stopping and arresting of black motorists is more common than in the case of white motorists. Selective inattention is the second manifestation of racism is the justice system. In this regard, it is easy to witness law enforcement fighting crime in white neighborhoods and ignoring the same in black communities ( Jones, 2012) . These aspects have created the existing animosity between the underserved communities and those that are served right.
What are the manifestations of Racism with Indigenous People?
Indigenous people across the world suffer disadvantages that are disproportionate to the average population. Foremost, they are less educated than the general population because of the government has put policies that institutionalize racism in this regard. Fewer indigenous people are graduates compared to whites because there is no opportunity for them to pursue these goals ( Jones, 2012) . They also lack proper healthcare services in their communities because of institutionalized racism. Even though they are paying taxes as much as their other counterparts from other races, their communities lack such basic amenities, which makes it difficult for them to compete with the general population in terms of quality of life. Indigenous people also do not have employment opportunities as much as other individuals in the community ( Gwyn, 1993) . As such, they have less income and are not able to initiate development projects in their communities.
What are the manifestations of Racism in the Education System?
Systemic racism is also evident in education right from pre-school. For instance, it is more likely to witness the suspension of a black student than a white one. Even though they are the minority group in pre-school education, they make the largest cases of suspensions. The discrimination cases can also be seen in the treatment of disabled students in schools. While disabled black students make about 19% of disabled students, the rate at which they are restrained at school is higher compared to their white counterparts ( Jones, 2012) . Furthermore, black students are three times more likely to be suspended than whites whenever they commit the same infraction.
What are the manifestations of Racism in the Media?
The media also perpetuates racial discrimination across sectors of society. For instance, it offers a distorted representation of black communities. In many cases, the media portrays blacks as violent people whose lives revolve around crime. In this manner, it has created the image that it is not right to associate with black people as they can easily cause harm to an individual. Since the media shapes the views of society, it is easy to affect the public understanding and attitudes related to blacks ( Gwyn, 1993) . These views are particularly adverse for males from the black community, who are often portrayed as criminals and lawbreakers ( Jones, 2012) . Consequently, they suffer harsh real-world consequences in various segments of society like education, healthcare, and law enforcement.
What did you learn from this class? Give your opinion about it?
I learned a broad array of concepts, especially surrounding the idea of institutionalized racism. I noticed that racism spans a broad spectrum of societal segments such as healthcare, education, and other social amenities. The class has also made me understand why there is a wide gap between whites and people of color in terms of the quality of life. Whites are far much ahead of other communities in society because the system established institutional racism that gave whites due advantage over the rest of the individuals in society ( Jones, 2012) . Therefore, even though everyone is reiterating that equality should be the guiding principle of existence in the modern world, it is a difficult thing to achieve since the advantage that one race has over others is ingrained in the facets of society.
References
Jones, C. P. (2012). Confronting institutionalized racism. Phylon (1960-) , 7-22.
Gwyn (1993). The Ideology of Racism
