Regression refers to a return to a former or less developed state, for example, unrest can lead to a regression in the economy of a country. The journal, “ International Journal of Nursing Studies ,” which highlights on the nurse’s exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment the review is inadequate and inconclusive for some reasons. First, the study conducted is based on a sample of nurses, specifically 151,347 nurses which is a limitation as there as many nurses spread across different states. Second, the data collected was based on literature review which is entirely unacceptable. The review was inadequate because the researchers were biased and only favored the nurses. They failed to include the patients who are also sexually assaulted, harassed, and bullied by the nurses. It is important to highlight both sides of the spectrum, the patients, and nurses, to develop a final analysis and review on the same.
The documentation ascertains that nurses and other health professionals are at significant risk of violence exposure. According to Boyd (1995), studies carried out in Canada found out that the rate of violence-related worker compensation claims was second highest of all occupations for nurses’ aides and sixth highest for nurses. However, the research conducted by Boyd lacks the quantitative review that should provide estimates of violence and exposure rates broken down by type of violence this can be physical, nonphysical, bullying, and sexual harassment. The journal is clear that the various acts of violence could occur at different settings such as the hospital, nursing home or psychiatric facility, the source of violence might come from the patient, patient family, or friends or staff including other nurses and world region. In the paper, 160 samples acquired from 136 different research reports are combined, results generated, and analysis conducted to provide the basis for a quantitative review (Spector et al., 2014).
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Research questions are the effects of exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment to the nurses. An example of a physical exposure is an attack which may lead to injuries on the victim’s body. However, very little is known about nurses’ exposure to workplace violence since most of the literature is fragmentized and is in need of quantitative review to incorporate the findings. Such a review can provide estimates of the exposure rates by different types of violence and in different environments. It can also indicate the proportion of each kind of abuse by various sources. The review herein is limited since it is based on studies conducted in 38 countries. The totality of the countries that participated in the research is not even half of the countries in the world; there is little integration or connections that would allow one to conclude differences in exposure rates and sources of violence. Since not all places have the same problems, generalizing would only make the research unreliable, null and void.
Methods
A method is a procedure for attaining an object, such as a systematic procedure, technique or mode of inquiry employed by or proper to a particular discipline or art. A descriptive research design is characterized by a case study, observation, survey, and naturalistic. Correlational or casual comparative research design is described by observational study and case-control study. Experimental is characterized by an experiment with random assignment, quasi-experiment also known as semi-experimental deals with the field experiment. The research design used is quantitative design; this design explores the relationship between two or more variables through correlational analysis. The intent is to determine if and to what degree the variables are related. However, the relation does not imply one causes the other (Spector et al., 2014). Some of the threats in internal validity are casual time order, compensation, selection biases, and make it evident that a relationship is built on the independent and dependent variables.
Sampling
Sampling is the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. After screening out, 136 articles remained after 135 articles failed to meet inclusion criteria that contained usable data from 160 samples. These samples reported data from 151,347 nurses worldwide. The studies came from 38 countries; only one sample per country seven countries had 5. Probability sampling was used to improve the accuracy by concentrating sample on large elements. They classified countries into 10 regions based on 9 dimensions of cultural values, 4 of which are represented in the current study (Spector et al., 2014). The Anglo region consisted of English speaking countries Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, and U.S. China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand. Europe was Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. The Middle East was Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Nigeria and South Africa were omitted from the region analysis because they had only one study each, and two studies did not meet the minimum criterion of five studies to form a category (Spector et al., 2014). Quota sampling was the pre-dominant judgment criterion used to drop Nigeria and South Africa.
Measures
Measures are used to summarize a set of observations and communicate the most significant information as simple as possible. Observations are commonly described in various ways such as;
• The measure of location, central tendency example is arithmetic mean
• A measure of statistical dispersion example standard deviation
• A correlation coefficient when more than one variable is measured
The measures utilized were a measure of central tendency to get the mean percent of violence exposure by violence type for the overall sample.
Data Analysis
Analysis of data is the process of inspecting and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusion and decision making. Information presented in the table wasn’t precise, this is because some data was missing on emergency department and wasn’t discussed in the text how they came about with the final data. It doesn’t mean when the patient is in the emergency room a nurse may not be bullied or sexually assaulted. Nurses can be sexually attacked by a doctor or a colleague.
Findings
Analysis of the studies provides an estimate of the prevalence of different types of violence worldwide, about a third of nurses experience physical violence, injury due to abuse, and bullying, about two-thirds experience nonphysical violence, while about a quarter of them are sexually harassed. These rates are higher when the time frame considered is their entire nursing career rather than a limited time frame. The percentage of violence exposure varies to the setting and world region. The Anglo region was highest for physical violence and sexual harassment, and the second most top for nonphysical abuse and bullying (Spector et al., 2014). Asia was lowest for nonphysical, and second lowest for physical, bullying sexual harassment. The Middle East was the weakest for physical violence and highest for nonphysical violence and bullying. It seems that nurses in the Anglo region have the most overall exposure, nurses in Asia have the least, and nurses in the Middle East experience relatively high levels of nonphysical violence and relatively low levels of physical violence.
References
Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies , 51 (1), 72-84. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010
