To describe the reality or the truth of the past, Lewis and Evans used repetition, of concepts, arguments, and examples. For example, the book itself was adapted from a series of lectures, and it shows. This concept is necessary to remind listeners of what they talked about last week or a few weeks ago. However, this is not the case for the readers who can, if they feel the need, only open the book at the earlier point to refresh their memories. Also, the type of humour that in most cases work well during a lecture probably may not be directly transferred to the printed page of the book. Therefore, through these humour, the reality or the truth of the past is represented.
Lewis points out that like cartographers mapping landscapes, historians represent what they can never imitate. As a result, there is a combination of the techniques of artists, geologists, paleontologists, and evolutionary biologists. This approach usually is parallel, in captivating ways, the new sciences of chaos, complexity, and criticality. Compared to social sciences, they don't much resemble what happens where the pursuit of independent variables functioning with static systems seems increasingly divorced from the world as seen.
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Finally, Lewis makes efforts to lighten the work of the historian with references to time machines, chaos theory, quantum physics, black holes, number theory, fractals, consciousness, ecology, and every other thing that is probably known by God. However, for the subjects he has limited understanding about, he is likely to render somewhat questionable the conclusions he draws from such comparisons thus representing the reality or the truth of the past.
