Humankind has sought the means to protect itself since the dawn of time. At first, humans sought protection from the environment, as self-preservation was foremost in their mind. Caves and caverns provided shelter, which was the primary need for protection. The caves' structures provided warmth to the inhabitants and, most importantly, protected from possible attacks from wild animals and enemies. In the present time, subterranean structures are tunnels and underground cavities constructed for military defensive or attacking purposes. In human history, subterranean warfare has been used in different periods for various purposes. The tunnels have been used as the weapon between the weak and the strong, as well being used for the cover-up (Shapir, &Perel, n.d.). The subterranean warfare is observed as an asymmetric answer for adversaries of the country military. Subterranean warfare has advanced over the last 100 years from a tactic of running from possible enemies into an exceptionally useful and competent way of responding to the effects of power superiority. As the ammunition lethality and accuracy increase, adversaries will be forced deeper and deeper into the ground, possibly outlining the devastating challenges faced by military strategists.
There is growing number of convert tunnel with an increasing astonishment in their sophistication. There is a serious threat in the location boldness, the volume, and type of items transferred through them together with the increasingly complicated protection procedure. The time that is needed for a tunnel to be dug shows how they can be an important tool for the native inhabitants against an intruder army who are unfamiliar with the terrain. The evolution of fortification designs outlines the influence of tunnel operations and the risk of their achievement. A challenge posed by subterranean warfare is in the detection of underground tunnel and structures as well as their ideal condition. In an operating environment where there is a lot of noise, it becomes difficult to find such tunnels and data attainment parameters might be compromised owing to mission necessities. Detection of the underground tunnel has been a challenge for years. Finding things in the subsurface need a structured program or science would continue to test different unsuccessful technologies incessantly. Several technologies, despite the problem, have been successful in locating the underground structures that have been earlier discovered as well as knowing the target which was confirmed by excavators and interpreted the position. Even though numerous technical approaches in the detection of underground structures have been projected and examined in the past, there have been a lot of efforts by the security agencies to improve the tunnel detection methods.
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It is not only important to counter the threat posed by subterranean warfare for America's allies but also for the security of the state. As argued by the Senate in its version of the National Defense Authorization Act, the subterranean warfare is being frequently used by the current irregular army who may be potential U.S. enemies (HSRC, 2015). It has been discovered that in Iran they are undiscovered tunnels which are mostly being used for nuclear facilities and others for bunkers across the enemy countries to protect them from probable Western airstrikes. There has also been a challenge in the ability to detect and destroy tunnels which pose threats on the border as most of them are illegally used for smuggling humans and drugs in the States. There has been a proposal in the amendment that outlines the authorization on detecting and destroying tunnels, given their potential possibility of security threat.
References
Heilig, D. (2000). Subterranean warfare: a counter to U.S. Airpower. Air Command and Staff College , 04 (078).
HSRC. (2015). Convert Tunnel Detection & Subterranean Warfare Industry Overview. Homeland security research.
Runkle, B. (2015, August 10). Preparing for warfare's subterranean future - war on the rocks . Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2015/04/preparing-for-warfares-subterranean-future/.
Shapir, Y., & Perel, G. (n.d.). Subterranean warfare: A new-old challenge . Retrieved from http://www.inss.org.il/he/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/systemfiles/SystemFiles/Subterranean%20Warfare_%20A%20New-Old%20Challenge.pdf.
