Before the 19th century, children as young as seven years used to be tried in criminal court, and when found guilty, they got sentenced to prison or death similar to adults. Juvenile Justice system was introduced during the enacting of children protection laws like mandatory education, child labor laws, vocational education, and school lunches ( Bartollas, 2010) . Today, more reforms have been applied in the criminal justice system. The state of Texas treats juveniles differently under the law when they commit a similar crime to adults. The State of Texas allows minors above fourteen years who have committed felony crime to be transferred to an adult court for trial and punishment ( "The Juvenile Justice System in Texas," 2020) . Juvenile courts and adults court have similar rights to trail and punishment when found guilty. Also, they differ on how the arrest is conducted, the hearing, prosecution, and sentencing.
In the Texas court system, juvenile courts and adult criminal courts share some similarities. Some similarities include the right to trial/hearing and right for the offender to avoid self-incrimination as stipulated in the 5 th Amendment. While awaiting trial, these juveniles are confined in adult jails for one year or more in isolation ( Deitch, 2011) . Minors receive strict punishment just like adults; when juveniles are convicted, they serve the rest of their time up to 30 years in adult prisons. Similar to violent adult offenders, juveniles can be retained in juvenile court and receive determinant sentences with placement in Texas Youth Commission.
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Juvenile courts and adult criminal courts differ in terms of conviction and punishments. During an arrest, Texas state allows a law enforcement officer to take a juvenile to custody without issuing an arrest warrant. Differently, a police officer must issue an arrest warrant before taking an adult into custody. When taken into custody, the young offender is delivered “without unnecessary delay” into the juvenile officer, and parents should be notified immediately ( "The Juvenile Justice System in Texas”, 2020) . An adult criminal has the right to be trialed by jury and can be given bail. Contrary, juvenile courts do not offer bail for children since the judge determines whether the offenders are guilty of a delinquent act or not. Adult criminal cases are filed as complaints, while juvenile cases are filed as a petition. Convicted adult’s criminals are sent directly to prison to serve their jail term. According to Deitch (2011) , juveniles sentence begins at Texas Youth Commission for rehabilitation until the age of nineteen, where the judge determines whether to transfer the young offendant to an adult prison.
References
Bartollas, C. (2010). Juvenile justice in America . Pearson.
"The Juvenile Justice System In Texas". Tjjd.Texas.Gov , 2020, http://www.tjjd.texas.gov/index.php/juvenile-system#sentencing .
Deitch, M. (2011). Juveniles in the Adult Criminal Justice System in Texas . Lbj.utexas.edu. Retrieved 6 March 2020, from https://lbj.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/file/news/juvenilestexas--final.pdf.
