The first major civilizations originated from Egypt and Mesopotamia valleys approximately 5000 years ago. Civilization originated from human actions and creativity. During prehistory, the Paleolithic age comprised the earliest primitive human being who possessed the ability to make tools. His experiences in hunting and gathering shaped human social development. The human progress during the Paleolithic age was slow during this age. Approximately 10000 years ago, the new Stone Age began in the Near East (Perry & Bock, 2016) . This age was characterized by the discovery of plant farming and the domestication of animals. This marked a major milestone in human evolution and civilization. The first civilization started in large cities that were characterized by high population and increased social, political, and economic structure.
The invention of writing enabled the first civilizations to preserve, expand and organize knowledge for future generations. In the early civilizations, religion was the main central force. In Mesopotamia, early civilization was marked by increased farming activities in river Tigris and River Euphrates. The Fertile Crescent was the land in between the two rivers. The Sumerians utilized their imagination to transform swamps in Mesopotamia to barley and fields and groves of date palms (Perry & Bock, 2016) . The emergence of early civilizations was not without challenges. In the urban centers, many epidemics diseases thrived, posing major health problems to the populations in the cities. In Mesopotamia, religion was at the center of human life.
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There were different ideologies between the Egyptian and Mesopotamia beliefs on leadership. According to the Egyptian pharaohs, kings were believed to be gods, while in Mesopotamia, kings were perceived to be god chosen men. The kings presented the gods on earth. The other critical civilization in Mesopotamia was advancements in mathematics. They developed division and multiplication tables, cubes, and cube roots. In Egypt, civilization in the early period happened along the river Nile valley. In Egypt, religion was the major origin of government, Egyptian art, literature, and astronomy. In early civilization in Egypt, Egyptian polytheism took the form of animal worship. The Egyptian civilization was marked by the skills in the construction of pyramids.
References
Perry, M., & Bock, G. (2016). Western civilization . Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
