What are the various types of cybercrime?
Cybercrimes are computer activities targeting the computer users or the computer itself and are usually committed through an internet server. Cybercrimes are broadly categorized into denial-of-service attacks and computer malware attacks. The denial-of-service attacks, abbreviated as DoS, are usually stirred by the criminals' intentions to disrupt an organization's operations, thus stopping a service provider from delivering software services to the customers (Broadhurst et al., 2013). Other cybercrimes include illegal gambling, online sales of illegal products, infringing copyright, data stealing, soliciting, and child pornography production (Burke, 2013).
However, these cybercrimes are precisely categorized into malware attacks, whereby the computer system is usually subjected to a computer virus that affects computer operations (Yar et al., 2019). Finally, distributed DoS attacks are the other cybercrimes whereby the systems get overwhelmed by communication protocols (EFG, 2015). In many instances, the cyber extortion criminals use the distributed DoS threats to blackmail business organizations and other financial organizations and demand compensation.
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In your state, who would you turn to report a financial scam? What are the problems faced by state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies when combating identity fraud perpetrated over the internet? Explain your answer.
Financial scams are among the most prevalent cybercrimes in the world today, and they include money frauds and money laundering. The Washington DC government provides various platforms in which one can report any financial crimes. For instance, in commodity fraud, one should contact the local Federal Bureau of investigations (FBI) and submit an electronic tip of the fraud financial transactions (Abadinsky, 2012). Additionally, one can also report a financial crime to the international crime complaint center (IC3). One of the government's challenges when combating internet crimes is anonymity, enabling the criminals to conduct illegal internet activities without revealing themselves, making it difficult for investigators to trace their identity. Another challenge is the attribution, whereby the cause of a crime is attributed to certain devices. However, since the criminals use anonymity to mask their identity, this process is usually challenging.
What are the two broad categories of trafficking in persons? Explain each.
There are two main ways of human trafficking; these include forced labor and sexual servitude. Forced labor is the action of unscrupulous employers who identify specific law enforcement gaps and exploit the employees. On the other hand, sexual servitude involves people, especially children, being sexually exploited for their oppressors' commercial gain ("Chapter 1. Rethinking Trafficking: Contemporary slavery," 2012) .
Why is trafficking counterfeit goods so attractive to organized crime? Explain.
Trafficking of counterfeit goods is attractive to organized crimes. This has been evidenced by groups such as Mafia and Camorra's involvement in crimes involving money laundering, drugs, and human trafficking ("Chapter 7. Peacekeepers and human trafficking: The new security dilemma," 2012) . The trafficking of counterfeit goods leads to increased corruption and other social impacts, thus violating other laws.
What elements of the business of illegal drugs are similar to the business of selling legal products?
The business on illegal drugs has some similar elements with illegal product sales, such as law infringement, increased crime rate, and corruption. Additionally, the social impacts caused by selling illegal products influence drug trafficking (Knox et al., 2018). Hence, these elements increase the chances of shifting from one illegal business to another or running the two concurrently.
How has racism or hostility toward minorities influenced the drug prohibitions and laws in the United States?
Hostility and discrimination of the minority have significantly influenced the U.S. drug prohibition laws. For instance, the war against drugs mainly targets black Americans, causing many people of this descent to get arrested and incarcerated ( Rosino & Hughey, 2018). Additionally, Rosino & Hughey, 2018, argues that most of the Americans are not affected by antidrug policies.
How have the methods employed to manufacture, transport, and distribute illicit drugs evolved?
Over time, the methods used to manufacture, transport, and distribute illegal drugs have significantly evolved. In manufacturing, some drugs such as cocaine and heroin are made into a concentrated powder or tablet, reducing the bulk of these drugs and easing transportation ( Bergman, 2018) . Similarly, due to increased hurdles placed by the antidrug acts, the drug traffickers have resulted in more improved transportation of drugs, whereby a drug dealing company masks its activities with legal production.
What are the four geographic sources for heroin? How does American foreign policy in Afghanistan interact with the heroin business?
The four main geographic sources of heroin are South America, Southwest Asia, Mexico and Southeast Asia. The American foreign policy in Afghanistan significantly affects the heroin business. This policy has been the major driving force behind the rapidly growing spread of heroin and cocaine to the U.S. and other countries.
What are the three basic forms are of labor racketeering? Discuss your answer.
Labor racketeering refers to penetration, utilization, and control, of an organization for personal gain by savage and illicit means. There are three basic labor racketeering forms: the sweetheart deal, strike insurance, and union funds' siphoning. According to Bergman, 2018 , strike insurance offers strike protection, where workers get paid for unfaltering support to an organization even when on strike. The ‘sweetheart’ deal ensures that the work delegate is paid for contract terms.
What is the purpose of money laundering? How can a legitimate business be used to accomplish money laundering?
Criminals may use legitimate organizations such as financial institutions to accomplish the money laundering crimes. The purpose of money laundering is to refund illegal funds to specific individuals who generated them. The money launderers often prefer using stable financial systems by employing highly effective technology that transfers the money without the institutional administration's knowledge to accomplish this. For instance, the money launderers take advantage of the technological gaps and use them to transfer money. These may include the use of ATMs to launder money from the banks.
References
Abadinsky, H. (2012). Organized crime . Cengage Learning.
Bergman, M. (2018). Illegal drugs, drug trafficking, and violence in Latin America . Springer.
Broadhurst, R., Grabosky, P., Alazab, M., Bouhours, B., & Chon, S. (2013). Organizations and cybercrime. SSRN Electronic Journal . https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2345525
Burke, M. C. (2013). Human trafficking: Interdisciplinary perspectives . Routledge.
Chapter 1. Rethinking Trafficking: Contemporary slavery. (2012). From Human Trafficking to Human Rights , 13-24. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812205732.13
Chapter 7. Peacekeepers and human trafficking: The new security dilemma. (2012). From Human Trafficking to Human Rights , 121-136. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812205732.121
EFG, A. (2015). The challenges to enforcement of cybercrimes laws and policy. International Journal of Information Security and Cybercrime , 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.19107/ijisc.2015.02.04
Knox, G. W., Etter, G. W., & Smith, C. F. (2018). Drug and other trafficking organizations in the Americas. Gangs and Organized Crime , 375-406. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315118604-12
Rosino, M. L., & Hughey, M. W. (2018). The war on drugs, racial meanings, and structural racism: A holistic and reproductive approach. American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 77 (3-4), 849-892. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12228
Yar, M., & Steinmetz, K. F. (2019). Cybercrime and society . SAGE.
