Article Summary
Oppel and young (2018) highligted the relationship between staffing patterns among patients of care in hospitals. This is the main emphasis and forms the theme of the research which is based on staffing flexibility. The authors suggest that previous investigations had been centered on exploring the relationship between the nursing staffing patterns in healthcare settings and the relationship with the patient's quality of care. The premise of the study was motivated by concerns that hospitals being care providers have been responding to the prevailing financial pressures as well as nursing staff shortages through a reduction in nursing staff, which mainly comprise of patient care. Ther researchers argue that a patient's self-reported experience with hospitals have become the widely used type of quality measure (Oppel & Young, 2018). As such, customers of healthcare services may include such measures as core competence areas, especially in their pay for performance programs, as well as providing reports. The researchers state that this form of quality measure is a very relevant and important point that can be used to explore the magnitude of nursing staffing patterns.
Possible Ethical Issues within the Research Study
The study was carried out with a large national sample of hospitals that mainly accounted for a wide range of hospital characteristics. Besides, the researchers included a potentially important but rather an understudied dimension of nurse staffing. Thus, by staffing flexibility, the researchers refer to the flexibility and the composition of the nursing staff in terms of part-time and full experiences. The study carried out a sensitivity analysis to understand how time-invariant hospital features could bias the relationship between staffing patterns and patient experience. When designing research, there are national statements on ethical conducts that have to be used to inform the study design, the ethical review as well as how to conduct of human research (Oppel & Young, 2018) . Such statements are vital because they inform researchers and present ethics committees with important guidelines on what is deemed acceptable when recruiting patients from clinical settings.
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The Privacy Act does not allow for use as well as disclosure for secondary purposes, which is directly linked to the criteria for selection for practice. As such, the main ethical issue is the consideration of privacy as well as confidentiality, which can be protected in the long run. As per the American Nursing Association Code of conduct, the medical caretaker must shield the patients from unethical or unlawful acts for any individual. This requirement creates advocacy as to when the nursing attendants need to shield patients from a researcher's unlawful or unethical behavior (Oppel & Young, 2018) . Regardless of whether nursing attendants are sure about the incompetence of the researcher, which is generally hard, they have to encounter massive dilemmas.
How Ethical Concerns can Influence the Research Outcomes
Considering the research nature, especially in qualitative studies, it can be morally challenging for the researcher to relate with the participants, which will affect the validity and reliability of the disseminated research outcomes. In modern research studies, concerns have been raised on whether it is moral or not to use the vulnerable groups in society as research subjects (Barton et.al., 2016). Vulnerable groups consist of those people whose autonomy and confidentiality have not been assured in the research study. Oppel & Young (2018) contend that t he varying perceptions about their use in research can be credited to their incapacity to issue an informed consent and furthermore to their requirement for further security from the researcher since they are in more danger of being compromised or compelled to take part. This dilemma usually forces most researchers to withdraw from the research at this point. Concerning withdrawal, an investigator might be in an issue in case numerous subjects decide to pull out at a later phase of the investigation. This undoubtedly affects the validity and reliability of the outcomes
Validity and its Relationship to Research Study
According to Barton et.al (2016), the conclusions that are drawn from a research study are useful only if they are valid. Validity is the best indication of how sound a research process was. Essentially, it applies to both the research methodology and design and the findings must give an honest representation of the phenomenon under investigation.
Importance of Research Design Validity and how Research Bias can Impact Validity
Validity in the research design is imperative as it determines the survey questions to be used besides making sure that the investigators utilize research inquiries that honestly assess the important issues. A valid research design gives a true measure of what it intended to be measured. Investigators who engage in research bias are said to have influenced the findings to portray a certain result. Disregarding the validity of the research design creates bias and puts the trustworthiness of the process in question. Usually, people do not confide in the results of biased research (Bailey & Burch, 2017).
How Stakeholders can externally Influence Health Care Research
The engagement of stakeholders in research includes the association of patients, health specialists, payers, and different policy formulators, from the beginning periods of setting needs and framing research inquiries through the last phases of executing and spreading the results. Numerous promoters for patient-eccentric research findings consider a coordinated effort between the stakeholders and the investigators as the most ideal approach to create evidence that is pertinent, responsive, and dependable ( Bailey & Burch, 2017) . Patients are a definitive stakeholder in medical research studies. All choices about payments, structures and plans must include patients, employees and clients from the earliest starting point .
References
Bailey, J. S., & Burch, M. R. (2017). Research Methods in Applied Behavior Analysis (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge Publishers.
Barton, C., Tam, C. M., Abbott, P., & Liaw, S. T. (2016). Ethical Considerations in Recruiting Primary Care Patients to Research Studies. Australian Family Physician, 45 (3), 144-148.
Oppel, E. M., & Young, G. J. (2018). Nurse Staffing Patterns and Patient Experience of Care: An Empirical Analysis of US Hospitals. Health and Services Research, 53 (3), 1799-1818.
