The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer

Question 1 

The pathophysiology of breast cancer is a severe tumor that starts to form in the breast's cells. It occurs from a series of breast cells that grow due to the reaction of the environmental and defective genes in the body. The cancerous cell does not have the dividing or the attachment aspect. Some types of mutation result in cancer, which includes p-53, BRCA1, and BRCA2. They can be acquired after conception. There are various kinds of breast cancer. For instance, Invasive, noninvasive, estrogen fueled, and metastatic breast cancers. Invasive and noninvasive are the most popular types of breast cancers (Soheili, 2017). 

Question 2 

Maladaptive and physiological responses have been associated with the interference of the biological rhythm that regulates tumor growth. The way the patients respond to the diagnosis is crucial as the response affects both their emotional and mental stability. Maladaptive and physiological responses can sometimes differ. The maladaptive response affects mental health, while physiological response affects emotional health; hence, it may result in depression among breast cancer patients. While the emotional reactions to the breast cancer diagnosis are adaptive and this means they are physiological, the mental disorders can be extremely dangerous to the patient as they become unstable, making it difficult for them to cope with cancer. 

Question 3 

There are several symptoms associated with this disorder. Some women experience pain in the armpits or a rash around the nipple. Others notice redness and peeling of the breast skin. With these symptoms, it is essential to visit a hospital for further diagnosis. Once it is confirmed that it is cancer, treatment begins. Breast cancer disorder is treated in different ways depending on the kind of cancer the patient has and how far it has spread, sometimes, Breast cancer patients get more than one form of treatment depending on the spread of the disease. The different types of treatment include surgery, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. With hormone therapy, there are drugs given to the patients to prevent the estrogen hormone, which fastened the growth of the cancerous cells in the breast. They include tamoxifen, which is given to women before and after menopause (Garrido,2017). Fulvestrant is an injection that helps to keep the estrogen hormone from attaching to the cancerous cells. 

References 

Garrido Oyarzun, M. F., & Castelo-Branco, C. (2017). Use of hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Safe and ethical?  Gynecological Endocrinology ,  33 (1), 10-15. 

Soheili, S., Asadi, M. H., & Farsinejad, A. (2017). Distinctive expression pattern of OCT4 variants in different types of breast cancer.  Cancer Biomarkers ,  18 (1), 69-76.