The Properties of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Introduction 

Cell theory explains that the cell is the basic unit of life. Given this, however, cells differ greatly in various things, for instance, their; size, shape, function and even structure. Even though these varied differences exist, at the core of any cells existence there is a unifying characteristic to all of them. This is the cell membrane which houses the component contained in the cells, to begin with, a composition of water and chemicals that are essential for growth also known as cytoplasm, inside the cell also exist DNA chromosomes which contain the genetic information of the cell and lastly some ribosomes that are producing proteins to the cell. Beyond these differences, cells greatly vary among organism and thus can be broken down and categorized into two categories. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells which can be differentiated by their differences in cell structure. Whereby, Prokaryotic cell lacks the nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus and has one round chromosome found in a nucleoid while Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have rod-shaped chromosomes located in the nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane.

Contrast and Comparison of Cells Characteristics 

All animal and plant cells are classified into the category of Eukaryotic cell structures ( Ku & Martin, 2016). While certain microorganisms belong to the category of prokaryotes and other, belong to the category of Eukaryotes which further breaks down the classification into domains in the Prokaryotic domain classified to Archaea and Bacteria, while in the Eukaryotic microorganism it is in the domain known as Eukarya.

Morphological differences of cells 

These cells though having some similar characteristics are morphologically completely different. This references the various shapes that cells can exist in, as this affects the essential properties of the cell that is, how it will acquire its nutrients, how it will grow, how it will reproduce and how it will move. This is however not to say that cells with similar shapes are of the same morphology are not related. Bacteria cells exhibit a variety of shapes example; Coccus (pl. cocci) – spherically shaped cell. Bacillus (pl. bacilli) – a rod-shaped cell. While eukaryotic cells also exhibit a variety of shapes especially cells that lack cell walls example protozoa. 

Different functions of cells 

These cells have a unifying factor in the functioning of their components. Cytoplasm- a gel-like substance provides aqueous solutions in a cell for reactions to take place in. Also, the DNA is the cells genetic component that pass abilities and characteristics. The cells also contain Ribosome which is protein-making part of the cell ( Ku & Martin, 2016) . This also where the difference between the prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are exhibited regarding size and location as the ribosomes in eukaryotes are found in the endoplasmic reticulum organized while in Prokaryotes the ribosomes are found floating in the cytoplasm. This cells also all have a cell membrane also known as plasma membrane which is also used to refer to the membrane surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells ( Spang et al. 2015) . This membrane perfume key roles the cell which including communicating with the environment to provide important information to the cell about nutrients and toxins.it also performs metabolic conversion of light into ATP, it allows of the selective entrance and exit of particular molecules in the cell. 

Examples of cells 

Examples of Prokaryotic organisms are Bacteria; Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Archaea; Halophiles, Methanogens ( Lane & Martin, 2015) . As mentioned earlier the plants and animals belong to the category y of Eukaryotes which include; moss to trees and humans to cats to the fishes.

Characteristics of Cells in Various Environments 

Environments which cells grow greatly are always in a state of change. To survive in a volatile environment, cells evolved different ways of adapting their response to signals indicating various changes. The adaptations take various forms that include changes in the activities of already existing enzymes, a change in the synthesis of the manufacture of enzymes, and a change in membrane-transport activity ( Lane & Martin, 2015) . Bacteria exist in virtually all existing habitats on the planet, within and also on human beings. A huge number of bacteria are harmless or helpful, but this also includes pathogens, causing diseases in human beings and to a variety of animals. Bacteria are Prokaryotic because their DNA n are not housed in a true nucleus ( Spang et al. 2015) . The category Eukaryotes contain, uni- or multicellular eukaryotic cells such as fungi, plants, and animals with their cells containing nuclei. 

References

Ku, C., & Martin, W. F. (2016). A natural barrier to lateral gene transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes revealed from genomes: the 70% rule. BMC biology , 14 (1), 89

Lane, N., & Martin, W. F. (2015). Eukaryotes are special, and mitochondria are why — p roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 112 (35), E4823-E4823.

Spang, A., Saw, J. H., Jørgensen, S. L., Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, K., Martijn, J., Lind, A. E., ... & Ettema, T. J. (2015). Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nature , 521 (7551), 173-179.