The idea or the situation that men and women are not equal has deeply been rooted in some of the societies across the world. The situation has been interpreted as gender inequality and has been found to have various effects on the individuals and the progress of the societies. Some of the forms of gender inequality are as follows. In some cultures, women have been reported to work more than the men do. The other form relates to the different job opportunities and wages. Sometimes, the societies have men earning more and sometimes the women have better wags due to the advocacy of gender equality rights. The distribution of health care and education is another aspect that pertains to gender bias in society. Undoubtedly, the issue of gender inequality has been caused by the chauvinistic ideologies that one gender is superior to the other and affects the other gender negatively; however, solutions to gender inequality can be implemented.
Annotated Bibliography
Jayachandran, S. (2015). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. Economics, 7 (1), 63-88.
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The issue of gender inequality has been found to have deep roots in the societal setups with mostly the male gender having superior beliefs and feelings to the female gender (Jayachandran, 2015). In developing countries, one of the causes of gender inequality is underdevelopment. Underdevelopment has been linked with the issue of the lack of civilization, which has led to the discriminative policies against the women mostly. If there were more education opportunities and development in developing countries, the influence of gender inequality would reduce and finally diminish (Jayachandran, 2015). Most of the developing countries also have discriminative cultural policies that are in place and affect the adoption of anti-inequality practices regarding gender. The traditional communities still hold the gender bias grounds that discriminate against women, for instance. An example is in a scenario where a particular culture in a developing country believes that the place of the woman is the kitchen (Jayachandran, 2015). In such cultures, women are not allowed to handle what is considered as manly jobs such as engineering and other related fields. The other norms such as patrilocality and the widespread of the concern of the chastity of women before marriage still sex and why countries such as India, China, and the Middle East have lower women in the workforce than men (Jayachandran, 2015).
Stamarski, C. S., & Son Hing, L. S. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: the effects
of Organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers' sexism. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1400.
Gender inequality as an issue has spread to the workplace (Stamarski & Son Hing, 2015). Increasingly, either the men or the women have been receiving different treatment at the workplace on gender-based lines. Gender inequality has been observed in the organizational process, practices, and structures (Stamarski & Son Hing, 2015). In the companies, some of the most harmful gender inequalities are enacted within human resources practices. The Human Resource practices affect the hiring, training, pay, and promotion of either men or women. The company leadership may also advance the problem of gender inequality in the organizations by having different practices govern the women and the men in the company's operations (Stamarski & Son Hing, 2015). The decision makers of the company, if sexist, mat tend to come up with the various practices that discriminate against either the men or the women in the organization. For instance, if a company comes up with the directives that rule out the maternity breaks for the pregnant women, it will have come up with stringent policies that exacerbate the issue of gender discrimination in the society. The employment of significantly more numbers of the same gender than the other gender is itself a symbol of gender bias in an organizational scenario. In the corporate scenario, the unequal treatment of the employees along gender lines potentially leads to the exacerbating in the issue of gender-based discrimination (Stamarski & Son Hing, 2015).
Stainback, K., Kleiner, S., & Skaggs, S. (2016). Women in power: Undoing or redoing the
Gendered organization?. Gender & Society, 30 (1), 109-135.
Stainback, Kleiner & Skaggs (2016) approaches the issue of women leadership and its breakthroughs and drawbacks in society. In the past, male leaders were regarded as more influential than female leaders in different administrative capacities. The authors of the article look into the factors in the organization that enhance the women's access to the dominant positions. The article states that fewer studies have been performed across the globe to explain the implication of the women holding the leadership positions and their opportunities and experiences (Stainback, Kleiner & Skaggs, 2016). Nonetheless, women leaders face various challenges in the society and in their workplaces that include the rebellion against them, disagreement with the subjects and the lack of support from the other leaders and the subjects in the community setting. The challenges have majorly been contributed to by the belief that women cannot hold leadership positions and when they have the administrative spot, they cannot function as effectively as the men can do (Stainback, Kleiner & Skaggs, 2016). On the bright side, the service of women in the leadership position is set to transform the gender-segregated society into believing in the leadership abilities of the women. The women leaders in the organizations and generally in the community have therefore been viewed as change agents and cogs in the machine in the sense that they reduce male-dominated leadership and that their support is essential to leadership just like the men's.
Policastro, C. (2015). Feminist Theory. The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, 1-5.
Policastro (2015) describes the feminist theory in the light of reducing the adverse impacts of gender inequality in the various phases of life. According to the feminist theory, feminism is not a single perspective and is composed of schools of thought such as the liberal, Marxist, socialist, radical and the postmodern feminism. The feminist theory hence leads to the comprehension of the issues about gender inequality such as the presence of a gendered social structure (Policastro, 2015). According to the global feminists, gender is socially constructed and acts as a mechanism for social stratification in the male ‐ dominated society. Each of the schools of thought that the feminist theory targets, come up with the various solutions that can address gender stratification in society. For instance, the socialist school of thought targets the empowerment of the women to have a voice in the society, unite with the other women in their societies or outside, and develop a unified approach to life (Policastro, 2015). Furthermore, the feminists have delved into the field of criminology to come up with the explanations of the gender-based approaches that ensure that the rule of law in various countries is free from bias. Continued research in that field has unearthed the multiple factors that may actively contribute to the gender biased treatment of the criminal suspects and convicts in the society. One of the elements is the presence of the cultural practices that favor the thriving of gender-biased treatment (Policastro, 2015).
Ji, Y., Wu, X., Sun, S., & He, G. (2017). Unequal care, unequal work: Toward a more
Comprehensive understanding of gender inequality in post-reform urban China. Sex Roles, 77 (11-12), 765-778.
Ji, Wu, Sun, & He (2017) explore the issue of gender inequality by focusing on the gender-based disparity in the job market. The authors focus on the workplace conditions in China and the sexist bias that emanates from it. China has had various reforms from a centralized socialist economy to a market economy that is productivity and efficiency oriented. The transition has also led to the improvements addressing the multiple spheres of life for the Chinese citizens. Among the aspects of life that have changed is gender inequality. Gender disparity in China has been attributed continuously to market transition and especially from the theoretical frameworks that have originated from the critiquing of the Chinese economy. There exists a clear-cut difference in how gender equality was organized during the Chinese socialist period and the contemporary Chinese economy period.
References
Jayachandran, S. (2015). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. Economics, 7 (1), 63-88.
Ji, Y., Wu, X., Sun, S., & He, G. (2017). Unequal care, unequal work: Toward a more
Comprehensive understanding of gender inequality in post-reform urban China. Sex Roles, 77 (11-12), 765-778.
Policastro, C. (2015). Feminist Theory. The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, 1-5.
Stainback, K., Kleiner, S., & Skaggs, S. (2016). Women in power: Undoing or redoing the
Gendered organization?. Gender & Society, 30 (1), 109-135.
Stamarski, C. S., & Son Hing, L. S. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: the effects of Organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers' sexism. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1400.
