The transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) occurs via sexual intimacy with an infected person or exchange of body fluids such as blood. The replication of the virus triggers infection of additional host cells. Primary Immune deficiencies can be caused by HIV. The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is the most common form resulting from this. Maladaptive responses which occur owing to the presence of such deficiency are the recurrent severe infections occurring in individuals.
Normally, school going children can encounter up to 6-12 infections on an annual basis ( Huether & McCance, 2016 ). The children aged 2 years and younger are, however, the most affected with adults being more aggressive towards the virus by acquiring only 2-4 infections ( Huether & McCance, 2016 ). Recurrent Streptococcal Pharyngitis, an ear infection is a common response occurring among infected individuals ( Chen et al. , 2018). Moreover, life-threatening infections are likely to occur among individuals suffering from HIV once their immune system becomes suppressed. Mainly, the symptoms associated with immune deficiency emerge within the first 2 years of an individual`s life. Severe combined immunodefficiencies are the most common deficiencies that are observed among HIV infected individuals. A significant factor leading to this is destruction of T lymphocytes. Moreover, the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome may occur where IgM antibody production is inhibited ( Huether & McCance, 2016 ). Also, when the T-cell numbers decline, DiGeroge syndrome is a physiological likely to be experienced in both HIV and Inflammatory bowel disease.
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Concurrently, the Inflammatory bowel disease incorporates both Crohn`s disease and ulcerative colitis. It is imperative to note the colitis is capable of contributing to maladaptive responses such as Candida albicans or Clostridium difficile ( Baldwin et al., 2018 ). Candida albicans appears to be one of the most common fungal infections ( Huether & McCance, 2016) . This mainly occurs in situations where the host`s immune system has been compromised, implying that it can occur in a similar manner among individuals suffering from HIV. The physiological responses occurring amongst those suffering from inflammatory bowel disease are, however, less severe compared to the ones experienced by HIV infected individuals.
References
Baldwin, S. L., Hsu, F. C., Van Hoeven, N., Gage, E., Granger, B., Guderian, J. A., ... & Coler, R. N. (2018). Improved immune responses in young and aged mice with adjuvanted vaccines against H1N1 influenza infection. Frontiers in immunology , 9 , 295.
Chen, S., Bonifati, S., Qin, Z., Gelais, C. S., Kodigepalli, K. M., Barrett, B. S. ... & Knecht, K. M. (2018). SAMHD1 suppresses innate immune responses to viral infections and inflammatory stimuli by inhibiting the NF-κB and interferon pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 115 (16), E3798-E3807.
Huether, S., McCance, K. (02/2016). Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9780323354097
