Drugs have been part of society since the dawn of time. The term drug emerged in the 14th century from the French word for dry substance, “drogue" (History.com Editors, 2017). The term was appropriate at the time since most pharmaceutical products at that time were made of dried herbs. Advances in medicine and pharmaceuticals, however, have led to the production of liquid and even gaseous drugs. There are two primary functional uses of drugs, namely medicinal and recreational, and in each case, there are chances that drugs may be abused (Abadinsky, 2018). For instance, the prevalence of cases of prescription drug abuse has been a matter of concern to players in the health care system. At the same time, individuals are overindulging in the use of recreational drugs, thus increasing the number of addiction cases. The increased use of recreational drugs has prompted synthetic manufacture of these drugs to cope with their increasing demand, which put the public at harm. Drugs are classified either as legal or illegal, depending on their perceived health benefits or effects(History.com Editors, 2017). Besides, the legality of drugs depends on the jurisdictions in which they are used. There is widespread confusion surrounding the legality of Molly, for it is often confused with MDMA, a drug that cures depression.
Most Americans think that Molly is the pure form of MDMA. This confusion creates a false sense of privilege, for they assert it for its purity. Users argue that being a pure form of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a drug that was initially designed to cure depression, does not put them at any health risks. However, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) says that the chemical composition of Molly rarely contain MDMA. The drug is mainly a toxic mixture of synthetic chemicals. As such, today, most of the users are endangering their lives by consuming illegal substances while assuming that it is MDMA. In essence, in the last four years, only 13% of Molly that the DEA seized contained MDMA (Griffin, 2018). Even when Molly contained MDMA, it was observed that it still had some impurities such as Methylone, MDPV, 4-MEC, 4-MMC, Pentedrone, and MePP (Griffin, 2018). Contrary to popular opinion, Molly is contaminated with other illicit and dangerous drugs.
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The fact that the effects of Molly are similar to those of MDMA is contributing to its high usage. Most of the recreational drug users believe that Molly is less dangerous than ecstasy. However, the manufacturers of this illegal drug combine hazardous chemicals that can mimic the effects ecstasy (Stamates et al., 2017). In the end, Molly stimulates the central nervous system leading to euphoria. Other symptoms include a rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, constriction of the blood vessels, shivering, involuntary trembling, and prolific sweating. Moreover, Molly inhibits the body's ability to regulate body temperature. Some of the illegal drugs that are contained in Molly are known to cause sustained and robust panic attacks, seizures, and psychosis. As the effects cool down, the user becomes depressed. In extreme cases, the consequences can lead to death (Abadinsky, 2018). Even though Molly and MDMA have similar effects, the chemicals found in Molly can have devastating effects.
Drug peddlers are promoting the consumption of Molly by disguising it as MDMA. For a long time, drug traffickers have been marketing Molly to first-time drug users. It is believed that at least 0.2% of American residents aged 12 years and above have used Molly at one point in their lives (Saleemi et al., 2017). The drug is also popular during music concerts. Whereas most users think that what they are consuming contains MDMA, research shows that they are not. For instance, between 2004 and 2011, there was a 120% increase in the number of emergency room visits resulting from “MDMA” toxicity (Saleemi et al., 2017). In 2011 alone, more than 22,000 such visits were reported. However, during the same period, the number of emergency room visits caused by the toxicity of other drugs remained the same (Saleemi et al., 2017). These findings, therefore, show that what people consider to be MDMA in the streets is a mixture of harmful chemicals. In the end, the first-time drug users and party-goers end up addicted to Molly while assuming that they are consuming MDMA.
Molly takes many different forms. Although it mostly takes the form of a capsule or a powder, there are some injectables and tablets. On most occasions, the illegal manufacturers of this drug distribute it in different types to confuse its users. Most of the recreational users
of these drugs are trapped under the illusion that what they are consuming is harmless. However, unlike MDMA, Molly is a toxic mix of mysterious chemicals in that users do not know the chemical compositions of what they are consuming. Furthermore, continuous adulterations of the lab-made chemicals contained in Molly without any regard to how they may affect the user (Stamates et al., 2017). Thus, two similar packets of Molly might contain entirely different chemical mixtures. These variations have led to a sharp increase in the number of molly-related deaths among American youths. The various forms of Molly put users at more health risks in the long-term period.
Molly is one of the most adulterated drugs, yet its users perceive it to be a safer drug than other stimulants. In essence, they believe that unlike other illicit drugs, Molly is unadulterated. Furthermore, marketers intentionally brand the drug under fantasy names such as “Alice in Wonderland.” The use of kid-friendly names makes the drug appear as fun and harmless. It also helps in promoting brand recognition. Nevertheless, counterfeiters often target brands that are most appealing to consumers (Steinhardt et al., 2014). Eventually, users find themselves consuming synthetic drugs unknowingly while thinking that they are consuming MDMA. The other way that the drug is adulterated is through its powder form. Even though the table form is more difficult to imitate, people prefer the powder form, for they often associate powders with purity (Steinhardt et al., 2014). The ease of counterfeiting the drug makes it unsafe for abusers.
The popularity of Molly in the U.S. is as a result of its normalization. The drug is considered to be a regular part of pop culture leading to its growing popularity among the youth. Numerous television shows such as Sex and the City idolize the drug as fun, exciting, and with little harm (Rigg & Estreet, 2018). Similarly, pop artists such as Madonna, Miley Cyrus, Lil Wayne, Kanye West, among others, make reference to the drug in their songs and during concerts (Rigg & Estreet, 2018). This normalization of the dangerous drug, in turn, has been detrimental for it lures new users to try the drug. As a consequence, there has been a sharp increase in the number of African American users of the drug. Historically, this population was not associated with the abuse of the drug. Currently, at least 89% of all emergency room visits relating to molly toxicity are by African Americans (Rigg & Estreet, 2018). The normalization of the drug has increased the addiction rates among American residents.
The presence of harmful drugs in Mollyincreases the risk factors among users. Research studies have established links between the continued usage of this drug with certain high-risk behaviors. For instance, risky sexual behavior among the users of street MDMA is much higher than the case with individuals who abuse alcohol. Besides, the HIV prevalence among users is significantly higher for both men and women (Abadinsky, 2018). Among bisexuals and gays, the prevalence of unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and increased injection drug users are some of the attributes associated with the consumption of Molly. The illegal chemical compounds contained in Molly and sold as MDMA continue to jeopardize people's health.
The History of Molly
Molly has its roots in MDMA. However, in this case, what people consider to be MDMA is actually a mixture of toxic and illicit chemicals manufactured in laboratories by unscrupulous dealers. The origins of MDMA can be traced back to Germany. This drug was first developed synthetically in 1912 by a German pharmaceutical company called Merck. The drug was formerly known as Methylsafrylaminc (Bernschneider-Reif, Öxler, & Freudenmann, 2006). Initially, this drug was intended for medicinal purposes in the synthesis of bleeding control medication. This purpose contradicts the widely-held perceptions that it was developed to control appetite. Upon its discovery and initial trials, Merck patented it in 1914 and labeled it as having potential pharmaceutical value. However, further developments of this drug would take place decades later.
MDMA also claims some historical contribution to the Cold War as both the CIA and the U.S. Army experimented its use alongside other hallucinogenic drugs for suitability in chemical warfare. These experiments took place in the 1950s under the code name MK-Ultra and were aimed at applying MDMA as an agent for mind control (Passie & Benzenhöfer, 2018). However, the experimental use of this drug was carried out on non-human subjects, and the results remain relevant to this day as a basis for MDMA toxicological studies.
Despite having not received formal approval in the U.S., this drug commanded a substantial following in the 1970s and 1980s. It was widely believed by psychiatrists to enhance patient communication and insights into their problems. The psychiatric use of this drug is attributed to its full availability in the streets. TheDEA banned its use in 1985 and listed it in schedule 1 of drugs. Schedule 1 drugs are defined as those not accepted for medicinal use and with a high propensity for being abused (Meyer, 2013). MDMA continues to have a large fan base many years after its discovery.
In the U.S., the use of MDMA has close links with electronic dance music events and the rave culture embedded in society. The venues for these events, which are mostly concealed, provide an apt environment for alcohol and drug abuse. In the 1980s, raves became popular in Europe and the U.S. concurrent with the increased street availability and use of MDMA, leading to this drug being a mainstay in these raves. Besides, the prevalence in MDMA use during these events is associated with the perceived spiritual aspects that revelers related to the sense of acceptance and harmony that its intake provides (History.com Editors, 2017). The spread of MDMA usage became popular in the U.S. among white professionals leading to its acquisition of the name “yuppie drug.” The usage of this drug was also initially prevalent among individuals who were part of what was known as the New Age spiritual movement (Abadinsky, 2018). However, with time, MDMA consumption has transcended over the ethnic boundaries and is now commonly use among African American community and university students in the U.S.
Today, MDMA is a mixture of laboratory-manufactured chemicals. These synthetic drugs are what are known by many as Molly. The manufacturers of Molly utilize several toxic substances such as mercury, ammonium chloride, and formaldehyde. Most of these chemicals originate from China. Once they have manufactured the contents, the Chinese dealers sell the drugs online to cartels in the U.S. and other countries (Griffin, 2018). The cartels then mix the chemicals and distribute them either as capsules, tablets, or powders. However, it is difficult for law enforcers to control these illegal substances from entering the country for a number of reasons. First, it is challenging to keep updated with new chemical compounds since the cartels and manufacturers are creating new ones as soon as others are banned (Griffin, 2018). Secondly, most of the chemical formulas for these compounds are discovered by legitimate scientists whose discoveries fail to meet some safety threshold (Griffin, 2018). Finally, clandestine chemists are making use of academic literature to create new compounds every day (Griffin, 2018). The drug that is sold as MDMA in the market today is mainly Molly, a mixture of toxic substances.
Over time, Molly has been proven to be a drug that has both merits and demerits. However, itsrepercussions outweigh the benefits. Molly's harmful effects are considered to be more severe in comparison to drugs like cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and even addictive painkillers like OxyContin and Vicodin, which fall in the schedule 2 categories (Abadinsky, 2008). Currently, some people are pushing for the decriminalization of Molly. In this case, supporters view it as a drug that can be beneficial both health-wise and economically. On the other hand, some groups oppose its legalization as they believe its legalization will lead to higher rates of addiction, given that many youths may end up abusing the drug. According to the proponents of its criminalization, America, as a country, is already struggling with the addiction to the drug.Thus, it would not be advisable to legalize it. Molly is different from other drugs, for it has been shown that it decreases anxiety, increases energy, and enhances sensory perception as well as raising a sense of wellbeing (Buddy, 2019). Accordingly, Molly can be beneficial or none beneficial, depending on how it is used.
Positive Effects and Negative of Molly
Molly is a schedule 1 drug that has beneficial attributes to its users. For instance, its users display a feeling of empathy and closeness to others most of the time.Most of the users are always free and easy to interact with, for they are empathetic (Kahn et al.,2012). Molly has been proven to increase pro-social behaviors. Molly enhances social interactions positively. Studies have shown that if used in moderate dosages of 75mg, it promotes closeness and strong bonds among people (Yazdi, 2019). The use of Molly enhances oxytocin, a chemical found in an animal's body that plays a significant role during bonding. To this end, some therapists support the use of Molly during family and couple therapy.
Molly has been proven to have the ability to cure psychiatric disorders like autism spectrum disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder as well as increasing the social behavior of animals. Nevertheless, the knowledge of how Molly produces this pro-social effect is still unknown. Kahn and colleagues (2012) determined the attention biases towards positive facial expression and pleasantness of physical touch between Molly and Methamphetamine. The study proved that Molly has a higher capability of curing psychiatric disorders compared to Methamphetamine (Kahn et al., 2012). These show that with proper research and experimentation, Molly can be beneficial both in the health sector and the social sector. Molly will be used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress, autism spectrum, and even psychiatric disorders. Thus, Molly, as a drug, has some underlying benefits.
Moreover, it has also been proposed that Molly should be used in the treatment of brain diseases. Other studies have shown that Molly can reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease and Schizophrenia (Lipsky et al., 2005). There have been reports by different people who had been diagnosed with Schizophrenia, claiming that they have seen improvement in their mental health after using Molly (Lipsky et al., 2005). Similarly,research conducted on animals affected by Parkinson's disease has shown that there was an improvement in limb movements (Lipsky et al., 2005). For productivity and prosperity to prevail in any society, there should be pleasant relations, which can only exist if there is good bonding among individuals. Additionally, the diseases that affect the coordination of the body will be easily treated or even prevented by using Molly as it has been proven that the drug can treat Parkinson's and Schizophrenia disease. Molly can be used to treat brain disorders.
Studies have also shown that Molly affects immunity and inflammation in humans. Molly is an immunosuppressive drug as it is believed to act as a stressor on the immune system. According to Yazdi, Molly slows down inflammatory cytokines in animals; thus, there is a belief that it can do the same in humans. Furthermore, studies show that molly intake by humans has led to the suppression of immune parameters depending on the amount and interval of its consumption. For a couple of years now, the number of lymphocytes, CD19+ B lymphocytes, and CD4+ T cells has been on the decline amongst the molly users. However, there is no proof that the suppression of immune parameters is a result of molly intake alone (Yazdi, 2019). This is because some of the patients who showed improvements have been users of other drugs as well, which include cannabis, cocaine, and even methamphetamine, which also have immune-suppressive properties. The immune-suppressive effects are not necessarily a result of the intake of Molly directly since Molly acts as a catalyst in the release of chemicals that end up affecting the immune cells. The body of a human is susceptible to various diseases, some of which are difficult to treat; thus, it is essential to have immunity measures that can prevent diseases that can be harmful or even fatal. These measures, to some extent, are achievable with the use of Molly.
Research has shown that Molly can be used both in the recreation and medicine industry. This, therefore, means that it can be beneficial to the economy if proper laws are put into place that will see the government collect a sizable amount of tax from the sale and purchase of the drug. Because many are using the medicine in secret, the legalization of the drug will go ahead in boosting the economy as the drug will be sold in a free market (Aldridge & Décary-Hétu, 2014). Revenue is a crucial driver to any economy; therefore, Molly can be a significant revenue earner to the country if it is made legal.
Although Molly is seen as a useful substance by a section of the society, studies have shown that it has several adverse effects that can be fatal. Too much use of Molly has side effects, which are loss of consciousness, hypertension, panic attacks, faintness, and seizures (Bora, Yılmaz & Bora, 2016). Research studies conducted on animals and humans have shown that intake of Molly on its own or together with other drugs such as marijuana or cocaine can lead to damage to kidneys, liver, brain, and heart, which can lead to death in the long run. Studies have shown that Molly has severe toxic effects on cellular levels in both animals and human beings. In cells, there are energy-producing machines known as mitochondria, which are functionally and structurally disrupted as a result of too much intake of Molly, leading to an energy crisis in the body. Additionally, Molly can bring out toxic effects by driving oxidative stress in cells, which can lead to severe damage to cell components, which include the nucleic, lipid, and protein cells. A mixture of Molly with other schedule1drugs in large quantities is harmful and can even lead to death. The bodies of humans require energy for the proper functioning of different body organs. Therefore excessive usage of Molly coupled with other harmful drugs inhibits the cells that produce the energy needed by the body.
Molly has a severe effect if taken in high dosage or if induced over along period of time. Some of these effects include teeth grinding, amnesia, addiction, blurred vision, increased heartbeat, and even loss of memory (Abadinsky, 2018). It has also been established that Molly can lead to fatigue, anxiety, depression, sweating, numbness, and dizziness, and dry mouth, headache and muscle pains as well as vomiting in some cases. Cases of deaths that have been caused by increased body temperature and dehydration resulting from molly intake have been reported (Bora, Yılmaz& Bora, 2016).To this end, excessive consumption of Molly has adverse effects on the body as it has been proven that it hampers the functioning of different body organs, which include the eyes, brain, sweat glands, among others.
Molly causes electrolyte abnormalities and heart problems because it increases levels of vasopressin in the body leading to excessive sweating. Yazdi (2019) says that Molly retains water, which in the long run, creates electrolyte imbalances. In the end, it could lead to hyperthermia and Hyponatremia due to excessive sweating. Hyperthermia and Hyponatremia are an immediate cause of deaths associated with victims of Molly. Moreover, Molly has been said to affect blood pressure and increased heartbeat. If taken in dosages of up to 1.5 mg/kg, Molly can increase oxygen consumption by the heart as well as an increase of the rate at which the heart beats (Yazdi, 2019). Additionally, the sexual performance of humans is said to be affected by the use of Molly. Research conducted on molly users of both gender showed 5rthat intake of Molly leads to sexual arousal, with 40% of the men claiming that it leads to impaired erection on their part (Yazdi, 2019). Water is essential to the functioning of the body system; thus, a lack of it might be detrimental. As seen, Molly affects the balance of electrolytes in the body that leads to excessive loss of water in the body through sweating.
Research has also established that higher doses or consumption of Molly over a long period has adverse effects on cognitive functions as ascetic molly users showed signs of visual and verbal memory problems. One study conducted on an individual who was used in taking one or two pills of Molly a day for up to 4 months was seen to develop memory loss on taking to medicines of the drug. This is evidence that Molly has short term memory impairment on individuals. Excessive usage of Molly can lead to Hyponatremia, a condition in which there are low levels of salt or sodium in the body caused by secretion of antidiuretic hormone ion an uncontrolled manner. In other situations, Hyponatremia may lead to seizures, coma, drowsiness, and even death (Nagarur et al., 2017). The study also found out that there was a small but significant discrepancy displayed by the molly users in different areas, and they included executive systems functioning, self-reported depressive symptoms, memory, psychomotor speed, to name but a few. Furthermore, molly users performed worse in 13/16 cognitive areas which included, working memory, measures of executive function, perceptual organization, measures of attention, mind, and anxiety visual memory self-rated depression among other regions (Yazdi, 2019). However, the study found out that former molly users often showed shortfalls in the side effects depicted by the users that were similar or exceeded the impact shown by current users (Yazdi, 2019). For a man to navigate around the world, the brain has to have the ability to process the information it receives, retrieve it, transform the data, and even store the data. However, this is not possible if the cognitive function is not functioning correctly in a situation that can be caused by excessive use of Molly.
Conclusion and Opinion on Molly
Evidence shows that Molly has many adverse health impacts, making some people oppose its legalization. However, many opponents are not aware of some of the essential benefits that one can derive from consuming it. Being among one of the most abused drugs in America, it is clear that it has significant power in today’s society. This has made me take my stand on the issue of the legalization of Molly after comprehensive research. I believe that the legalization of Molly would be beneficial to America, as studies have shown that the drug has a lot of positive attributes. The legalization of Molly will not only benefit the country but the general population as a whole. For instance, most of its users will not hide anymore or consume more than the recommended amount because of fear of being arrested and prosecuted. During the research, I realized that many critics are against the use of Molly just because they have looked at one angle of the matter, which is the harmful effects of the drug and not the positive outcomes associated with it. I would approve the legalization of Molly as there are other drugs like tobacco that prove to be a significant health risk to individuals as they cause a lot of deaths annually, yet they are legal substances in America. It is, therefore, essential for the community at large to embrace the significant clinical impacts that Molly has.
A society where individuals do not interact freely with one another is neither peaceful nor productive as the members do not share crucial information that affects them. Most of these societies struggle with incidents of thefts and crime; hence development is always undermined. However, if members of such a society could be allowed to use the drug on their own volition, such crimes would reduce in the community or even stop altogether. This is because Molly users have proven to be easy to interact with as the drug gives them the urge to be close to other people. Through the interaction, sharing of information would become easy; thus, curbing heinous acts becomes easy. With this in mind, I believe that the legalization of Molly would go along way in reducing crime and criminals in society.
Many American citizens are finding it hard to take care of their loved ones who have from brain diseases that have been proved treatable with the use of Molly. Individuals with brain diseases like Parkinson’s disease require a lot of care and medical attention. This treatment is not cheap as it involves a lot of therapy sessions done by qualified personnel equipped with adequate knowledge of the therapy. However, most individuals cannot afford the services of this physiotherapist due to the high cost involved; hence they opt for doing the treatment themselves or seek assistance from other unqualified personnel. Lack of proper medical care may result in the patient’s failure to recover or a prolonged recovery process. However, all this is avoidable if Molly was legalized as it is not only cheap but has also been proven to be useful in this situation. In addition to the recreational and medicinal value that Molly brings to its users, its legalization will go a long way in boosting the country’s economy as the drug will be sold in an open market. In this case, it will be taxed, making it a significant source of revenue since its importers, black market sellers and users currently do not pay the required taxes.
There is no doubt that many are opposed to Molly’s legalization based on their cultural or even religious believes. For example, Christians and Muslims believe that it is unethical for one to consume any substance that would intoxicate their body hence affect their way of acting and reasoning. Similarly, cultural custodians think that molly users are going against the norms and beliefs that do not support the intake of the drug. However, these two groups do not give a compelling reason that makes the drug such a harmful substance for consumption, mainly because studies have shown that the drug has medicinal values compared to tobacco, which is used for recreation. Many might perceive the legalization of Molly as a wrong move as they believe that its users are often reckless and uncontrollable, thinking that intoxications by the drug cause it. However, American law does not forbid anyone who is of legal age from consuming alcoholic substances. Therefore, Molly should be legalized, but the decision on whether to use it or not should be left to the individuals to make.
It is imperative to understand that Molly’s legalization is bound to encounter many obstacles, mainly social-based issues. Those against its legalization do not doubt its medicinal value. Hence they are of the idea that if legalized, the drug could end up being abused by individuals who are not of legal age. They also believe that even the individuals that are of legal age would be taking the drug in excess as there will be no measures set to prevent them from doing so. Thus, they believe that there would be an increase in road accidents resulting from the intoxication caused by the drug. There is no doubt that these are negative attributes that can be controlled if proper rules are put in place and enforced. After all, alcohol and tobacco are legal, and the young members of the society are still getting access to them even though they are not allowed by the law. Research has shown that most people are using Molly without the knowledge of the authorities. They are taking the drugs while in secret places; hence most of them use this rare opportunity to plan criminal activities. Therefore, I believe that the legalization of the drug would go a long way in preventing them from meeting in secret and planning unlawful acts, thus reducing criminal activities.
Different people have different opinions regarding the issue of legalizing Molly. There are those caught between the debate, and they do not know whether to support its legalization or not. The discussion has been made more difficult as both proponents and opponents have concrete evidence supporting their positions. Compared to other legal drugs like tobacco and alcohol, Molly has been proven to be beneficial to those using it and also those intending to use it. Despite the raging debates, every American has a reason as to why they like or do not like the drug. For instance, some believe that the drug can help them in the treatment of their loved ones, who have brain disorders, while others believe that the drug can be an excellent tool for recreation. Different people have different perceptions about Molly. Consequently, my feeling about the drug would not necessarily be the same as for other people. Therefore, I believe that people should be allowed to choose what they think is right for them, provided they do not break the law.
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