Case study 1
Leininger's Culture Care Model views nursing as a scientific and humanistic role that aims at achieving human care through culturally meaningful methods. According to the theory, culture care is a holistic means which nurses utilize to understand and predict interventions that guide the nursing care practices. In achieving a culturally sensitive type of care, the values, patterns, and expressions of the patient, family, and the community must be utilized not only appropriately but also in ways that inspire meaning. The story of Franklin-Jones can be viewed through the lenses of Leininger's Culture Care Model. Nurse Hernandez has a critical duty to assess the perceptions and expressions of the patient and assess how it can influence her present and future conditions. First, negligence is a primary factor that the nurse must address. She says "but I just didn't think it was that bad" to express her previous medical negligence. Secondly, Leininger address culture as a tenet that varies from one place to another and has an impact in influencing judgments that might ultimately affect medical outcomes. The nurse must, therefore, assess the Jamaican cooking style that the patient points out to understand how it might have predisposed her to hypertension.
The theory of culture care diversity has a vital role in influencing nursing care. It has attempted to leverage the culture care research findings to guarantee culture-specific interventions that are not only beneficial and safe but also culturally congruent. Therefore, it puts nurses in a position to handle patients from wide varieties of culture by focusing on their unique values, expressions, and attitudes to provide services that promote healing and overall well-being. Most fundamentally, culture sensitivity provides the nurses with the much-needed impetus to "research, discover, explain, and account for health, wellbeing, care expressions, and other human conditions” (Leininger et al. 2015). Therefore as nurses understand different cultures, they mitigate health disparities by solving each case with the specialty it deserves.
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Leininger’s Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality emphasizes on transcultural nursing where nurses identify the similarities and differences across different cultures to assist individuals to attain the best care that meets their needs (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2014). The theory also provides three critical rationales that can be used in making care decisions aimed at achieving culturally congruent nursing care. The first intervention hinges on the cultural care perseveration where the patient is asked to retain all the beneficial care perceptions and beliefs. First, Mrs. Franklin Jones should remain keen to continue taking drugs as prescribed by the doctor. The second intervention will focus on culture care re-patterning or restructuring where patients are required to change their culturally held practices to better their health. In this case, the patient will have to review her diet and determine the most appropriate foods for her condition. The patient will also be encouraged to continue taking the bush tea as it helps in reducing an individual’s risk of attaining heart diseases.
Leininger's theory has several strengths and weaknesses. First, it provides nurses with a platform to learn and understand the need to provide culturally-sensitive care. Secondly, it immerses the nurses into a new way of viewing diseases by enabling them to appreciate the similarities and cultures of different cultures. It provides the patients with a diverse model of treatment where they can resort back to their culture and retain some practices that benefit health. However, the theory can also be subject to making errors in clinical decisions and the misinterpretation of the values that patients have placed on their outcomes (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2014). Secondly, the theory hardly provides any meaningful attention to symptoms and diseases. Nurses are also susceptible to cultural shocks when they face difficulties in adapting to a given culture.
Case Study 2
The Transpersonal Care relationship is “a connection that embraces the spirit or soul of the other through the process of full, authentic, caring/healing attention at the moment” (Sitzman & Watson, 2018). Nursing that depicts the transpersonal care model has a genuine commitment not only to be present but also to embed in the interactions with the patient. The nurses, therefore, have an essential role to play in this care. They tend to focus on the healing, wholeness and caring rather than emphasizing on the pathology of illness. One of the significant elements of the model is that it assists patients to acquire a holistic harmony that traverses from the mind to the body and spirit. The nurse, therefore, creates a robust caring relationship with the patient and expresses an unconditional form of acceptance. Most fundamentally, they utilize their knowledge amongst other interventions to guarantee health and healing.
Jean Watson attempts to provide candid guidance for nurses in a model known as the Caring Science. One of the most critical factors determining the relationship between the patient and the nurse is the love-kindness angle. It is also significantly crucial to note that love is the most discussed humanistic practice due to its universally positive influence on the patients (Watson & Brewer, 2015). More so, many Watson regarded it as a healing experience that has an impact on every individual. In the case study provided, love manifests in the form of kindness and humanistic behavior. First, as Claude Jean-Baptiste enters the hospital, there are welcoming signs written in many languages including his own. The nurses allow him to have a relative by his side so that his needs can be taken care of. He is also asked if any of his customs and beliefs that the nurses can honor. Most fundamentally, he is allowed to carry food and other additional spiritual items with him.
First, it is important to note that providing a healing environment is the first step in reducing stress and anxiety that comes with illnesses. Whereas curing is the absence of disease, the process of healing involves regaining the lost wholeness by restoring wellness on the emotional, physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. The nurses have an essential duty to utilize the self to create a healing environment creatively. First, it is incumbent upon them to develop humanistic-altruistic values that enhance love and kindness between them and others. They can also leverage their presence and promoting hope and faith. Nurses must show sensitivity both to self and others through the utilization of spiritual practices. As a basic need, they need to develop long-lasting relationships characterized by trust. Jean Watson also asked nurses to utilize spiritual interventions in a creative way as the sole foundation for creating a healing environment.
Just like any other theory, the Watson model has its fair share of strengths and weaknesses. One of its strengths is the fact that it provides a rationale for quality care that responds to the holistic needs of the patients. It also elevates the position of the nurse to that of an individual in solidarity with the patient in their struggle towards self-actualization. The theory further places the patient at the center of practice instead of technology (Watson & Brewer, 2015).Some of the limitations include the fact that it might not apply to patients who have a limited time hospitalization period. Watson fails to provide more emphasis on her biophysical model in nursing. Although the carative factors have a firm foundation in nursing practice, demonstrating their application in practice has always been difficult to prove.
References
Leininger, Newman, and Watson. Book Smith, M.C & Parker, M.E (2015). Theories and Nursing Practice (4th Ed.) Philadelphia, P.A: F.A. Davis
McFarland, M. R., & Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2014). Leininger's culture care diversity and universality. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Sitzman, K., & Watson, J. (2018). Caring science, mindful practice: Implementing Watson’s human caring theory. Springer Publishing Company.
Watson, J., & Brewer, B. B. (2015). Caring science research: criteria, evidence, and measurement. Journal of Nursing Administration, 45(5), 235-236.
