Today, I am assigned to take you on a tour of the most complex part of the human body, the brain. The brain is divided into three main parts: the bottom, the hindbrain, which is the core, then the midbrain, and the last part, the forebrain. We are going to start with the hindbrain, which all vertebras have. The hindbrain is protected as it is the core part and also one the oldest part. The hindbrain consists of a brain stem, the reticular formation, and the cerebellum. The parts are responsible for basic functions such as breathing and moving. The brain stem in the hindbrain has the medulla oblongata and the pons (Muzik, Reilly, & Diwadkar, 2018). The midbrain enables sensory and motor information to travel to and from the spinal cord and the forebrain. The forebrain is the most anterior part that contains a complex central nervous system network. The forebrain has two parts: the diencephalon, which contains the limbic system, and the telencephalon. The telencephalon has the cerebrum that performs the complex processing of cognitive functions. The limbic system in the diencephalon contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus.
The control centers of the brain include the medulla oblongata, which controls the digestive system, the cardiovascular system, and the respiratory system's functions. The pons is also another control center for controlling inhibitory and respiratory functions (Muzik, Reilly, & Diwadkar, 2018). Next was the cerebellum, which controls motion through the coordination of skeletal muscles. This enables the movement of feet and hands. Through a process called proprioception, the cerebellum keeps getting messages from the muscles, eyes, eyes, and joints. Ventral areas in the midbrain convey motor information and control motor function. The diencephalon, also known as the interbrain, controls the emotion. The hypothalamus plays a role in controlling emotions such as rage, pleasure, displeasure, fear, and aversion.
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As a part of the central nervous system, the brain interprets the environment to us, our thoughts, and controls movement (Muzik, Reilly, & Diwadkar, 2018). It does so by sending and receiving messages through neurons. Parts of the brain use neurotransmitters such as in the motor cortex, the neurons send their axons to connect with motor neurons through the ventral root. This causes voluntary movement. Reflex or involuntary movements are caused by sensory neurons traveling in the opposite direction. The spinal cord communicates to the brain, takes information to skeletal muscles, and controls organs using the autonomic nervous system. Then the largest part of the brain, which is the cerebral cortex. The cortex is very significant because it is the information processor; hence it controls the association, memory, sensation, perception, voluntary physical action, and thought.
In conclusion, when a person damages a part of his brain, the skull fills with either CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid), blood, or blood tissue. Unlike the skin, the skull cannot stretch out to make room for swelling; hence, it increases the brain tissue's pressure. This is known as intracranial pressure. The brain cannot carry out its functions hence interfering bodily functions. Specialized neurons carry the primary support cells called astrocytes form a glial scar to protect the area from regenerating axons. On the other hand, microglia clear away the dead or dying cells. Cytokines are triggered by immune system cells to help in recovery (Ozga, Povroznik, Engler-Chiurazzi, & Haar, 2018). Communication between the brain and the spinal cord fails to lead to a stroke. However, certain parts of the brain may continue to function because they still receive sensory input from the bran and the spinal cord. The level of injury shall determine the extent of paralysis (Ozga et al., 2018).
References
Muzik, O., Reilly, K. T., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2018). “Brain over body”–A study on the willful regulation of autonomic function during cold exposure. NeuroImage , 172, 632-641.
Ozga, J. E., Povroznik, J. M., Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B., & Haar, C. V. (2018). Executive (dys) function after traumatic brain injury: special considerations for behavioral pharmacology. Behavioural Pharmacology .
