Thesis Statement
Urban development in the United States is one aspect that has passed through various stages and processes to make American cities appear as they are today, therefore the paper will provide an analysis of the history of urban planning in the United States.
Annotated Bibliography
Burgess, P. (1993). City Planning and the Planning of Cities: The Recent Historiography. Journal of Planning Literature, 7 (4), 314-327.
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The paper describes how recent historiography on urban planning has expanded since its roots in the ancient world. Burgess in the article states that although the modern profession of urban planning that we see today dates its origins as the turn of the century, urban planning events that occurred earlier in the nineteenth century are developing forms of contemporary planning. The article, however, stresses that city planners are nonelected public employees whose profession is inextricably tied to both the private sector and the political process. Burgess consequently postulates that planners did not do much of the planning in some United States cities. Thus the tension between idealism and realism has been present since the beginning. The article, therefore, states that as a result of external constraints, the profession of planning greatest impacts may have been due to the indirect influence of the urban agenda and the vision it provided for a better urban future.
Cummings, A. S. (2018, March 26). The Emergence of Urban Planning in the South, 1880-1930. Retrieved from Tropics of Meta: https://tropicsofmeta.com/2018/03/26/the-emergence-of-urban-planning-in-the-south-1880-1930/
Cummings in the article describes how urban planning emerged in the American South from the year 1880-1930. The report states that although no historian has made a comprehensive study of urban planning in the Southern cities of the United States, it has caught the attention of scholars in occasional dissertations, and journals articles which have taken the form of case studies looking at planning in a few cities or even single states. The article thus gives an account of the development of urban planning in various Southern cities in the United States as stipulated in numerous journals and articles. Cummings describes how southerners responded to these changes in city environments between the years 1880 to 1930
Feinstein, S. S. (2017). Urban planning. Retrieved from Encyclopaedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planning
Feinstein in the article describes the process of urban planning in the United States and provides the details of every stage in the process of urban development. The article defines urban planning and how it correlates to the United States urban development. Consequently, Feinstein give a clear description of the early history of urban planning in America and its progress through the years. The article moreover provides various challenges met during the process of urban planning and the responses adopted to curb the issues, in addition to people perceptions and reactions at each of the stages of urban developments.
Frey, W. H. A History of recent Urban development in the United States.
Frey in the history of recent urban development in the United States describes how the development of urban planning took place in America. The book various individuals views concerning urban development and how they perceive urban planning in general. Frey further states that during the processes that led to the recent urban development in the United States, there existed several discrepancies since various individuals differed in their views concerning urban development. Frey consequently derives the progress of urban development in the United States from the onset of urban planning and provides various accounts of urban planning that has led to the recent urban development in America.
Friedmann, J. (2009). Cities in Social Transformation. Cambridge Core , 4 (1), 86-103.
Friedmann in Cities in Social Transformations brings out salient points that throw light upon the vexing problems of cultural transformations and phenomenon that relate to economic growth. The articles employ the use of concepts in social science that when synthesized, provides elements of the theory of social change in cities. The ideas include; the functional urban hierarchy, the city as a cross-cultural type, the nodular regional structure, political administrative, active social and economic space. More importantly, the article describes economic growth as a more significant part of a more comprehensive urban process that leads to successively higher levels of integration in the social system.
Linovski, O., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2012). Evolution of Urban Design Plans in the United States and Canada. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 33 (1), 66-82.
Livonski and Loukaitou-Sideris in the article give an account of how urban designs plans has evolved in both the United States and Canada. The article, however, states that although urban design plans are the concepts that offer a window into the values of the urban design profession, people have little knowledge of how these plans have changed over time. The article, therefore, provides a critical evaluation of the vision, methods, and content of urban design plans in large North American cities and consequently compares the design plans with those of earlier generations. The study concludes by stating that contemporary urban plans display fewer types of methods, less analytical rigor, and less emphasis on participatory practices than previous generation plans. In general, these plans reveal a greater focus on sustainability but are less concerned with equity, diversity and economic development.
Millard-Ball, A., & Barrington-Leigh, C. (2015). A century of sprawl in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A., 112 (27), 8244-8249.
Millard-Ball and Barrington-Leigh in a century sprawl in the United States give an account of urban developments in the United States. The article states that urban street network is one of the most permanent city features since once they are laid down; they determine urban forms and the level of sprawl for years. The article thus provides a high-resolution time series of urban sprawl by employing street network connectivity in the United States from 1920-2012. The report further analyzes spatial variations in urban development and demonstrates the persistence of urban sprawl. The article concludes that one of the factors that impact urban sprawl is government policies.
Levy, J. M. (2013). Contemporary Urban Planning (10th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Press.
Levy in Contemporary Urban Planning provides its readers with in-depth coverage of the historical, political, economic, legal and environmental factors that affect urban planning. The book utilizes the updated coverage of the Obama administration's response to the 2009 economic downturn to address the most pressing issues in today's urban development. The topics addressed in the book include subprime mortgage, crisis, and home foreclosures, federal funding for public transportation and new standards for "green" buildings.
Schwarzer, M. (2016). Downtown: A Short History of American Urban Exceptionalism. Journal Places .
Schwazer in the article provides a short history of the United States exceptionalism. Schwazer states that urban development in the United States has long pursued its unique course that is urbanism without limits, with endlessly extendable boundaries. The article provides a history of the process of urban development in America by comparing the downtown cities of U.S. with the uptown cities. The article describes the various designs of urban planning that were utilized in the urban developing towns during multiple eras in addition to the processes that were involved in the development of the downtown cities and their association with various social and economic issues that accompany urban development.
Tarr, J. A. (2002). The metabolism of Cities. Journal of Urban History, 23 (5), 511-545.
Tarr in the metabolism of the industrial city describes the concept of metabolism concerning urban development. The article utilizes the concept of metabolism to illustrate various aspects that were involved in the historical environmental developments of metropolitan cities in the United States. The report states that urban industries in multiple cities require multiple materials for production purposes, which may come from the urban area itself. However, over time, these materials may come from the urban hinterland, and while cities grow, they extend their ecological footprints deeper into their hinterlands.
Proposal Summary
The proposal paper will begin with the abstract of the overall paper which will describe the issues and topics that are discussed in the article. Chapter one of the paper will entail the complete introduction of the research proposal and will contain the background information regarding the history of urban planning in the United States, the problem of the statement, research questions and objectives on the topic. Moreover, it will entail the significance of the study to be conducted, and the scope and limitations of the review which will involve lack of co-operation, financial constraints, and time constraints.
Chapter two of the paper will encompass the literature review and will entail the introduction, theoretical and empirical literature regarding the history of urban planning in the United States. The theoretical literature will involve various theories of urban planning. The empirical literature, on the other hand, will entail; the contributions of urban planning to the development of cities in the United States; the role of urban planning in the U.S. and the challenges associated with urban development in America. Chapter two of the paper will conclude with the overall literature overview of urban planning in the United States.
Chapter three of the paper will comprise of the research methodology to be used and will entail introduction to the chapter, the research design, conceptual framework, the definition and measurements of the topics variables, the study area, sampling techniques and sample size, data types and sources, and research instruments and the methods to be employed in the collection of data. The data collection methods and research instruments will include the use of interviews, tables, survey, questionnaires, and secondary data sources. The chapter will further comprise of the ethical issues to be kept note of during data collection, data editing, coding categorization and inputting and data analysis.
References
Burgess, P. (1993). City Planning and the Planning of Cities: The Recent Historiography. Journal of Planning Literature , 7 (4), 314-327.
Cummings, A. S. (2018, March 26). The Emergence of Urban Planning in the South, 1880-1930. Retrieved from Tropics of Meta: https://tropicsofmeta.com/2018/03/26/the-emergence-of-urban-planning-in-the-south-1880-1930/
Fainstein, S. S. (2017). Urban planning. Retrieved from Encyclopeadia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planning
Frey, W. H. A History of recent Urban development in the United states.
Friedmann, J. (2009). Cities in Social Transformation. Cambridge Core , 4 (1), 86-103.
Levy, J. M. (2013). Contemporary Urban Planning (10th Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Press.
Linovski, O., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2012). Evolution of Urban Design Plans in the United States and Canada. Journal of Planning Education and Research , 33 (1), 66-82.
Millard-Ball, A., & Barrington-Leigh, C. (2015). A century of sprawl in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. , 112 (27), 8244-8249.
Schwarzer, M. (2016). Downtown: A Short History of American Urban Exceptionalism. Journal Places .
Tarr, J. A. (2002). The metabolism of Cities. Journal of Urban History , 23 (5), 511-545.
