Bosmans, G., Verschueren, K., Curvers, B., & Minnis, H. (2020). Current perspectives on the management of reactive attachment disorder in early education. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13 , 1235-1246. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S264148
In this article, Bosmans et al. (2020) assesses RAD treatments and provide recommendations to enable teachers to successfully manage children with RAD in the classroom. The authors state that children who are experiencing RAD exhibit relation problems with their caregivers. Bosmans et al. (2020) argue that children with the condition show signs of mentally withdrawn conduct to their caregivers. They manifest their symptoms by seldomly seeking or responding to comfort whenever they are stressed up. Besides, they depict some episodes of fear, dejection, and ill-temper that occur if their caregivers threaten them. The authors point to the attachment theory, which states that children born with behavioral systems become functioning whenever they are stressed up to obtain protection and support from their caregivers. The relationship between children and their caregivers helps in developing a good correlation and creates an attachment relationship. Additionally, the authors state that the quality of interaction between children and their caregivers determines the security of the internal working models. Lastly, Bosmans et al. (2020) note that children with the condition have more problems developing a good relationship with their teachers. The article is impactful in developing insight on the symptoms of RAD and helps to increase sensitivity, and provides teachers with ways to manage children with RAD. Besides, the article provides insights to teachers on ways to retain associations and restore children's emotional and social flexibility.
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Cuyvers, B., Vervoort, E., & Bosmans, G. (2020). Reactive attachment disorder symptoms and prosocial behavior in middle childhood: The role of Secure Base Script knowledge. BMC Psychiatry, 20 (524). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02931-3
In their article, Cuyvers et al. (2020) investigate the relationship between RAD and prosocial behavior issues. Based on their research, the authors assert that young children with attachment disorders depict prosocial conduct challenges. Also, those with RAD depict emotional and inhibited behaviors. Further, Cuyvers et al. (2020) note that the children's inability to interact with their caregivers and develop good bonds with them makes the children feel stressed; this also makes the children lack the necessary resources that can support them. The authors also argue that increased symptoms can make the children develop exteriorizing problems later in life. Besides, Cuyvers et al. (2020) note that a better understanding of parent-children connections and better clinical practices helps support children suffering from attachment conditions. Lastly, the authors argue that children with the disorder experience problems of prosocial conduct while interacting with their peers. This article enables the readers to understand how prosocial conduct can help improve the quality of a friendly relationship, ensure fewer misconducts, and increase individuals' dignity—also, restoring the knowledge that can help treat children suffering from the RAD condition.
Hornor, G. (2019). Attachment disorders. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 33 (5), 612-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.04.017
In this study, Hornor (2019) explores the attachment theory and disorders, their types and treatment. She notes that the ability of individuals to develop connections with other people is usually an important competency that commences when they are young. Further, she asserts that the relationship between a child and their parents is the first relationship they develop. A good relationship between an infant and their parents is critical in developing a child both mentally and physically. Additionally, Hornor (2019) notes that children who develop good associations with their parents have few or no signs of external or internal behaviors. Further, she explains that children who suffer from attachment problems experience early disturbances in social connections, which leads to their discord behaviors like indecision. Children with the condition have high possibilities of having diminished social and cognitive well-being when they become adults. The article is crucial as it gives an insight into the root causes of attachment disorders in young children. It helps encourage parents to develop good connections with their children when they are young to help improve their behaviors.
Pritchett, R., Pritchett, J., Marshal, E., Davidson, C., & Mannis, H. (2013). Reactive attachment disorder in the general population: A hidden ESSENCE disorder. Scientific World Journal . https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F818157
In this study, Pritchett et al. (2013) try to describe the characteristics of children with attachment disorders. Based on their research, the authors note that attachment disorder affects people’s ability to function socially. They state that children that have RAD exhibit poor abilities in their language and mental effectiveness. Further, they note that children with reticent disorder usually depict conditions like being watchful, cautious, and being sleepless. Children with the disinhibited illnesses exhibit notable characteristics, such as engaging with strangers and keeping off from their primary caregivers. Besides, the authors argue that RAD is more prevalent in children who have been adopted. They also argue that children suffering from RAD have symptoms like lack of weight gain, poor eating habits, and lack of empathy, making them lose self-control and engage in activities such as criminal activities. The authors collected data from 1600 children and found that children suffering from the condition have lower IQs than normal children, are disorganized, have bad behaviors, and poor social skills. The article helps the readers understand the characteristics associated with attachment disorders. Parents and guardians can use this information to determine whether their children may have attachment disorders.
Schroder, M. et al. (2019). Attachment disorder and attachment theory – Two sides of one medal or two different coins? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 95 , 152-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152139
In their research, Schroder et al. (2019) investigated the relationship that exists between attachment disorders and attachment representations. According to them, attachment disorder and quality exist correspondingly. The authors note that even though the relationship between the two cannot be illuminated, it can be challenging for clinicians and policymakers to distinguish the two constructs. They argue that attachment anxieties can result from ill-treatment, child neglect, abuse, and poor parenting. Also, the author explains that the experiences of infants in early life develop a basis for cognitive development. The internal modes help children in their conduct and impact their future association with other people. Lastly, the authors note that children's mental, social and linguistic development with age and the organization of the affection change from individual to representation. This article is important as it helps the readers understand the relationship that exists between attachment disorders and representations.
Seim, A. R., Jozesfiak, T., Wichstrom, L., Lydersen, S., & Kayed, N. S. (2020). Reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in adolescence: Co-occurring psychopathology and psychosocial problems. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01673-7
In their article, Seim et al. (2020) discussed children's neglect and ill-treatment and their relation to the mental and psychiatric challenges in children. The authors state that acute ill-treatments and neglect make children suffer from RAD and DSED. They argue that poor diagnosing of the health condition can lead to a missed treatments and growth support hence increasing an individual suffering, institutional costs, and functional damages. Besides, Seim et al. (2020) assert that medical practitioners and social workers should understand the degree of RAD occurrence to help improve the diagnosis of the problem. Further, they argue that people with the RAD health condition are characterized by deviant and social retreat behaviors. Also, those suffering from DSED exhibits unconstrained conduct and not restraint while interacting with people they are not familiar with. From the study conducted, the authors found that many adolescents with DSED or RAD conditions experienced mental challenges and psychiatric conditions. The article helps the readers to understand that young persons with conditions of RAD or DSED can have other conditions and mental problems of a behavioral or psychological nature.
Shah, N. S. (2015). Effects of attachment disorder on psychosocial development. Inquiries Journal, 7 (2), 1-3.
In this article, Shah (2015) evaluates children's mental, psychic, and social outcomes from attachment disorder. The author provides a review of early experiences towards people’s development at various stages of life. According to Shah (2015), children’s interaction with their caregivers enables them to develop notions and their working models and other people. Shah asserts that the children's ability to cry, crawl, walk or make sounds are acquired mechanisms that keep the caregivers nearby, which helps children acquire attachment. Children that do not interact with their caregivers much depict signs of insecurity through avoiding their caregivers. Further, Shah (2015) explains that the caregivers' inconsistency in responding to the infant's needs leads to attachment. RAD occurs when children are more neglected hence suffer from physical and mental stress. The disorder is characterized by abusive care, numerous changes in the environment and caregivers, and the immediate loss of parents. RAD prevails in environments whereby children have numerous caregivers. Children with the condition exhibit feature like maladaptive behaviors and raised states of neuronal stimulation. The article provides insight into the relationship dynamic and social, emotional, and cognitive challenges faced during human bonding.
Spruit, A. et al. (2020). The Relation Between Attachment and Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23 , 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9
In their article, Spruit et al. (2019) explore the connection between RAD and depression in children. The authors explain that children seek to acquire the closeness of a responsive and careful caregiver to gain security and protection. Developing early relationships with the caregivers enables children to acquire generalized assumptions about themselves, other people, and the world at large. Further, the authors argue that developing good relations aids the children in acquiring their internal working frameworks, which helps them improve their relationships with other people. The authors assert that caregivers who show care for their children's behavior enable children to feel attached to them and feel secure. Inconsistent caregivers make their children suffer from unsafe attachment relationships. Lastly, Spruit et al. (2019) note that lack of appropriate attachment between the children and their caregivers leads to the development of depression. The article sheds light on insecure attachments, which predict depressive symptoms in both youths and children. The articles help the social workers and physicians to address attachments while focusing on depression in children.
Zeanah, C. H., & Gleason, M. M. (2015). Annual Research Review: Attachment disorders in early childhood – clinical presentation, causes, correlates, and treatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 56 (3), 207-222. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12347
In this article, Zeanah et al. (2015) provide an in-depth analysis of attachment disorders, their causes, and treatment. According to the authors, attachment problem results from poor caregiving conditions and encircles the withdrawn and social makeups. Further, they argue that children suffering from the condition show features, such as lack of attentive attachment conduct to their caregivers, decreased emotional and social interdependency, and disturbances in their emotional control, such as being ill-tempered. They also state that children with the unconstrained condition have features like poor physical and social confines and lack of care to unfamiliar people. From the data obtained from the PsychINFO and other databases, the authors found that those children with reactive attachment disorder have no attachment to their caregivers despite developing them. The authors also found that children with unconstrained social engagement illness cannot develop the necessary inhibition with strangers and violate social deterrent boundaries. The article provides important information that readers could use to increase their understanding of attachment disorders.
Zimmermann, P., & Soares, I. (2018). Recent contributions for understanding Inhibited Reactive Attachment Disorder. Attachment and Human Development, 21 (2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1499207
In this article, Zimmerman and Soares (2018) provide an assessment of RAD. Based on their research, they argue that inhibited RAD is caused by neglect, poor quality organized care, extended deprivation, ill-treatments within families on children with emotional, biotic, social, and mental growth. They also state that poor caregiving makes children develop unconstrained and inhibited conditions. Further, the authors assert that there has been an increase in the viable empirical evidence even though it persists concerning the evaluation of wary RAD and the neurologic of constrained and unconstrained RAD. Further, they note that RAD can be restrained during emotionally difficult social associations. They also hypothesized that children being brought up in nurseries could have more wary and negative IWMs. They conclude by noting that RAD differs from other disorders in that it is characterized by high signs of depression and apprehension in young children. This article is very educative as the authors provide a thorough assessment of inhibited RAD, which helps the readers to understand the causes of attachment disorders.
