Bedside Reporting and the Impact on Patient Safety and Nursing Satisfaction

ABSTRACT

Clinical handovers play a vital role in determining the quality of healthcare services given to patients. In particular, bedside reporting establishes a culture promotes a culture of mentoring relationships and fosters mutual respect among staff. Positive collaborative working relationships between nurses ensure satisfaction at the workplace hence increasing provider efficiency. While that is the case, bedside reporting, through patient involvement, has been found to lead to positive patient health outcomes, in turn influencing nurse engagement and motivation at work. Despite that being the case, literature reviewed demonstrates the efficacy of bedside reporting over non-verbal and traditional shift reporting approaches. The study limitation was that it did not address barriers such as a nurses and patients asking too many questions and interruptions which lengthen the process of bedside reporting. Nevertheless, the findings imply the need for nurses to include patients’ input during clinical handovers. This would help avoid sentinel events such as health complications that could lead to adverse outcomes. 

INTRODUCTION

Patient safety is one of the metrics upon which the efficiency of healthcare services is evaluated. Thus, in order to achieve provider efficiency, health institutions have to consider other factors such as nurse satisfaction, utilization of resources, application of evidence-based practice, among others . Alongside patient safety, nurse satisfaction plays a fundamental role in determining the attitude of nurses, as well as the level of motivation and engagement at the workplace (Mccay, Lyles, & Larkey, 2018). Therefore, it is vital for healthcare providers to consider what aspects undermine realization of nurses’ full potential as pertains to delivery of care services. Nurses work in a cohort environment, which intensifies the need for high quality interaction amongst themselves. When it comes to clinical handover, the transition of a patient’s clinical information depends on the quality of relationship between nurses, the manner in which the information is relayed, as well as accuracy of the data itself (Cipra, 2016). In this regard, the nurse bedside report determines both safety of continuity of care and delivery of best clinical practices. Relative to patient safety and nurse satisfaction, bedside reporting appeals to the need to promote effective communication between nurses and patients. Thus, during shift handover, there is a need to ensure that communication is effective as it determines the quality of care as well as a nurse’s overall satisfaction, a factor that determines a patient’s health outcomes (Williams, 2018). Consequently, an examination of the effect of bedside reporting on patient safety and nurse satisfaction is warranted. 

Background 

In healthcare settings, there is a need for effective communication especially during bedside reporting. As a mandatory process, nursing bedside reporting provides oncoming and ongoing nurses an opportunity to assess patients through examining any safety errors, while al so allows the patient to be part of his or her plan of care. Thus, there is a need for inclusion of the input of patients during clinical handover, which helps improve the overall quality of care given alongside promoting competence levels in nurses (Mitchel, Gudeczauskas, Therrien, & Zauher, 2018). Therefore, during a change in shift, ongoing and oncoming nurses ought to communicate effectively to avoid any clinical errors that would undermine p atient s’ health outcomes. Shank (2016) emphasized that health outcomes in patients do not only affect the patient but also the healthcare provider. He explained that, “Negative patient outcomes impact not only nurses, but nurse confidence and satisfaction. Stakeholder identification included first and foremost, the patients and their significant caregivers who have the most to gain from improved nurse to nurse communication” (Shank, 2016, p. 15). For this reason, it becomes considerably important to address the quality of bedside reporting relative to its effect on patient safety as well as nurse satisfaction. 

Arguably, the implementation of nurse bedside shift report can help improve a patient ’s experience in a healthcare setting relative to the quality of nurse-nurse communication (Dorvil, 2018). In a systematic review , Mardis et al. (2016) concluded that 49% of studies reviewed regarding bedside shift report demonstrated an increase in patient experiences with care as a self-reported outcome, while only 2% of the literature showed patient complains with the practice in question. Such data emphasizes the potential positive effect of nurse bedside shift report on a patient’s experience with care. However, Dorvil (2018) warned that some challenges exist, which prevents successful implementation and sustainability of the practice in question. These challenges are such as lack of efficient leadership or employee buy-in, inconsistency with the practice, lack of continuous process management initiatives, and ineffective communication between nurses. 

Corroborating the information given earlier, Roslan and Lim (2016) explained that clinical handovers are associated with positive benefits and give nurses an opportunity to communicate effectively amongst themselves, thereby ensuring patient continuity of care free from error. However, they acknowledged that “… distractions from the environmental factors could cause disruption, leading to insufficient patient information exchange and lack of time to conduct a proper handover to the incoming shift nurses” (Roslan & Lim, 2016, p. 151). With attention to the mentioned factors, there is a need for healthcare providers to identify measures that could help promote realization of the potential benefits of bedside reporting. 

Statement of Problem 

The literature reviewed demonstrates the significance of bedside reporting when it comes to patient safety and nurse satisfaction. While various studies have identified the potential benefits of an effective clinical handover between nurses, some have acknowledged the various barriers towards achieving efficiency in the practice in question. For instance, Shank (2016) explained that ineffective communication during bedside reporting could undermine the safety of patients, as well as the satisfaction of nurses. Roslan and Lim (2016) corroborated this particular argument adding that environmental factors such as lack of continuous process management practices, inefficient leadership, and poor communication among nurses (as cited in Dorvil, 2018), undermine patient safety and the satisfaction of nurses. However, controlling for other factors, communication between nurses has been identified as a major factor undermining the efficiency of clinical handover. Thus, there is a need for healthcare providers to develop strategic measures towards optimizing communication between nurses. 

Aims 

The aim of the project in question is to emphasize the significance or beside reporting as a practice that can promote patient safety, as well as nurse satisfaction. For this reason, the project will seek to address: 

The effects of bedside reporting on patient experiences with care and nurse satisfaction levels at work 

Whether type of reporting matters in relation to patient safety and nurse satisfaction at the workplace 

Patient responses and experiences with other forms of reporting 

Nurses’ perceptions and attitudes towards bedside reporting 

The willingness of nurses to use bedside reporting 

LITERATURE REVIEW

Nurse Satisfaction at Work 

The satisfaction of nurses determines an organization ’ s productivity as well as overall performance. The implication is that a motivated body of nurses helps promote positive patient experiences with care. Consequently, motivated and engaged nurses project a healthcare organization ’ s efficiency. Some of the factors that determine the satisfaction levels of nurses at with their work were such as autonomy, adequate staffing, having control over nursing practice, patient-centered culture, managerial support, and lastly, collaborative working relationships (Kieft, De Brouwer, Francke & Delnoij, 2013). Of the various factors mentioned, collaborative working relationships play a vital role in determining the efficiency of clinical handover and consequently, the quality of bedside reporting. Therefore, investing in promoting quality relationships among nurses, as well as with other workers, could help revamp bedside reporting thereby ensuring patient safety. Understandably, bedside reports encourage a culture of mentoring relationships and fosters mutual respect among staff. Through this particular exercise, nurses are able to visualize patients and implement safety checks during the start of the shift and reduce the amount of time spend at the nurses ’ station as well as away from the bedside (Williams, 2018). Thus, it becomes clear that bedside reporting provides nurses with an opportunity to interact with each other and through this exercise, they are compelled to adopt a culture of mutual respect. 

Assertively, it has been established that bedside reporting influences patient safety and health outcomes and the satisfaction of nurses at the workplace. Such kind of a relationship implies a link between nurses ’ satisfaction and the nature of patients ’ overall experiences in a healthcare institution. From this kind of association, one could develop an argument stating that a patient ’ s experiences is subject to the level of engagement and satisfaction of attending nurses. In order to prove this particular proposition, through an observation study in England, Aiken et al. (2018) noted that in a healthcare setting, the experiences of patients were related to missed nursing care, poor hospital work environments, as well as low patient-nurse ratio. Based on this finding, the implication is that a hospital that invests in sufficient staffing, promotes a culture of managerial support for nurses, and invests in a suitable working environment, is likely to experience positive ratings through patients ’ experiences. However, a particular aspect, s uch as low patient-nurse ratio, would lead to missed care, thereby undermining the quality of bedside reporting. The discussion further implies that staffing influences the engagement of nurses in a healthcare setting and their level of job satisfaction. Providing further insight into the effects of low nurse-patient ratio, Teeter (2014) explained that nurses in understaffed hospitals of healthcare settings complain of burnout and fatigue, which affects their performance and productivity. The author n oted that in care settings where nurses characterize their working units as having adequate, sufficient managerial support, alongside positive working relationships between and among staff, there is significantly lower burnout (Teeter, 2014). As a result, nurses are able to perform to their full potential, which means low cases of missed care for patients. 

A further exploration of the link between nurses ’ job satisfaction levels and the quality of bedside reporting demands focus on how nurses, themselves, perceive this particular exercise. Nurses have been found to feel safer when having the patient ready at the start of their shift, they feel better when involved in the care process and that bedside reporting and shift handover is perceived as a way of sharing information (Vermeir et al., 2010). Among these responses, bedside reporting demands sharing of information between nurses. In this respect, one can argue that the quality of communication between and among nurses determines the overall outcome of clinical handover during bedside reporting. It is important to acknowledge that nurses comprise of “… an intact group of caregivers who are motivated to communicate with each other about the care of patients they are entrusted with ” (Vermeir et al., 2017, p. 3). For this reason, nurses are expected to work together and ensure that there are no deficiencies in communication which would undermine patient safety and overall health outcomes. The causes of deficient communication are such as conflicting work relationships, lack of clarity as pertains to roles, as well as failure to communicate critical patient information during clinical handover (Vermeir et al., 2017). Thus, when discussing the efficiency of clinical handover, certain aspects such as the quality of communication between nurses, determines the overall quality of bedside reporting. The implication is that bedside reporting encompasses a number of elements one of which is collaborative working relationships, a major factor in promoting nurse satisfaction levels at work. 

Patient Safety 

The essence of bedside reporting is to promote patient safety through improving care outcomes. Following from already reviewed literature, it becomes clear that patient safety is contingent on the satisfaction levels of nurses at the workplace, adequacy of staffing, managerial support towards nurses, a healthy and suitable working environment for nurses, as well as the quality of information sharing. The demand for bedside reporting is a practical response to continued admission of patients across hospitals in a day-to-day basis thereby “… resulting in thousands of shift changes and thousands of opportunities for error ” (Baker, 2010, p. 355). Therefore, the inevitability of shift changes creates a situation where errors can occur such as through lack of sharing critical patient information during clinical handover (Vermeir et al., 2017). Thus, one can notice a consensus between Baker (2010) and Vermeir et al. (2017) who consider the importance of efficiency during clinical handover and the bedside reporting exercise at large. Therefore, when discussing the potential impact of bedside reporting, there is a need to consider other factors such as the relationship between nurses and how it affects sharing of patient information. 

Understandably, bedside shift report is perceived as an activity that can save lives (Ofori-Atta, Binienda & Chalupka, 2015). Based on data gathered by the Health and Human Services Department, incompetent hospital care caused the deaths of 180,000 Medicare patients in 2010. Nevertheless, the actual number might be higher as estimates show that between 210,000 and 440,000 patients admitted in hospitals annually, suffer from preventable harm thereby leading to their deaths (Ofori-Atta, Binienda & Chalupka, 2015). Such an outcome would lead to the conclusion that medical errors in the United States alone are the third leading cause of death following cancer and heart disease (Ofori-Atta, Binienda & Chalupka, 2015). However, the application of bedside reporting can help avoid such outcomes through promoting patient safety thereby improving their health outcomes. 

Scholars in the field of medicine place a higher emphasis on the vital role that bedside reporting plays when it comes to determining the quality of patient care. Following from information gathered earlier, bedside reporting helps prevent medical errors, which could simply become the third cause of death in America ’ s healthcare sector. However, Ofori-Atta, Binienda and Chalupka (2015) noted that bedside reporting can remedy the situation hence ensuring provision of quality care. The implication is that effective nurse shift-to-shift handover is a prerequisite for quality patient care (Kullberg et al., 2017). The practice of clinical handover appeals to the transfer of accountability from the outgoing to the oncoming nurse. As a concept, transfer of accountability (TOA) is defined as 

“… an important opportunity to communicate vital patient care information such as patient diagnosis, hemodynamic stability, procedures performed, plan of care, discharge plans and information to bring forward to interprofessional rounds, while at the same time engaging the patient in the process ” (Miller, Hamza, Metersky & Gaffney, 2018, p. 90). 

Thus, from the definition of patient bedside TOA, one can notice the various factors which comprise of an effective bedside reporting exercise. For instance, the nurses involved should communicate vital patient information such as that mentioned earlier to prevent medical errors hence promoting patient safety. In this case, clinical handovers demand that the exercise of transfer of accountability between nurses is efficient. There is sufficient information demonstrating the role that bedside reporting plays in promoting patient. Thereby, health intuitions should consider creating working environments that favor collaborative working relationships between nurses hence ensuring patient safety. 

Type of Reporting 

In order to demonstrate the importance of bedside reporting, it is important to juxtapose it with the traditional shift reporting system. A fundamental aspect which Miller, Hamza, Metersky and Gaffney (2018) cited when defining patient bedside TOA is that the exercise of clinical handover should be done in the presence of the patient. There are different methods of reporting during shift handover. The traditional method takes place at the nurses ’ station away from the patient. While patients have knowledge of the change in shift, they are not allowed to participate in this particular exercise (Ofori-Atta, Binienda & Chalupka, 2015). One ought to notice that during this alone time, sentinel events are likely to occur thereby undermining the quality and efficiency of the clinical handover exercise. For instance, a patient might experience a sudden heart attack and being that he or she is alone, the nurse might not be able to help prevent any fatal outcome from occurring. In this regard, bedside reporting, compared to traditional shift reporting, helps “… eliminate that alone time and gives the patient a feeling of inclusion with the nurses as part of the healthcare team ” (Ofori-Atta, Binienda & Chalupka, 2015, p. 1). Accordingly, during clinical handover, it is imperative that nurses consider the patient as part of the exercise. 

Another kind of reporting exists and involves non-verbal handover which is carried out via electronic health records without a set structure or the presence of the patient. Nurses who use the non-verbal handover approach spend about an hour reading up patients ’ information from the electronic health records (EHR) before beginning the shift work and consulting patients (Kullber et al., 2017). Similar to the traditional shift reporting system, one can notice the non-verbal handover does not acknowledge the importance of having patients participate in the reporting exercise. It is important to understand that with both non-verbal handover and traditional shift reporting, adverse patient complications such as the patient experience a cardiac arrest or vomiting, could occur. The alone time afforded by these two reporting methods allow an opportunity for complications and adverse outcomes. Therefore, “ Given this potential for complications and adverse outcomes, the research demonstrates the need to utilize BSR (bedside reporting) over the traditional method of shift handover ” and that “ Ensuring proper communication is an essential component of the practice of nursing ” (Williams, 2018, p. 40). Thus, based on the advice that Williams (2018) gives, traditional shift reporting, and the non-verbal approach expose patients to the risk of adverse clinical outcomes, which could even result in death. 

A comparative review of person-centered handover (PCH) against non-verbal and traditional shift reporting demonstrates that the latter approach is most effective. In a clinical setting, the introduction of the PCH approach led to a change in patient satisfaction compared to patients who were exposed to the non-verbal approach (Kullberg et al., 2017). Furthermore, bedside reporting has been found to decrease the length of time taken during a change in shift compared to other methods such as the non-verbal approach and traditional reporting system (Cipra, 2016). Hence, patient inclusion during bedside reporting allows for a complete and exhaustive clinical handover exercise. The patient is given an opportunity to state any changes in their health which could prompt the oncoming nurse, upon consulting the attending physician, to determine whether a change in medicine or treatment approach is required. In summary, bedside reporting is considered an effective approach considered to non-verbal and traditional reporting methods. 

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Bedside reporting is an interactive practice demanding efficient communication between nurses during clinical handover. Thus, an evaluation of the manner in which nurses communicate is fundamental towards understanding the benefits of bedside reporting. Kurt Lewin’s theory of change provides a foundation on which communication, being a crucial during bedside reporting, can be evaluated. Lewin’s theory involves three change processes, which are eliminating an existing status quo, promoting movement, and lastly, refreezing to sustain the change acquired (Kritsonis, 2005). In this particular model, Lewin proposed that status quo, for instance, hierarchies at the workplace, undermine effective communication between and among workers. Therefore, Kritsonis (2005) explained that such challenges can be eliminated through establishing an equilibrium whereby there is active participation between and among workers. Putting the healthcare setting into context, Lewin’s theory could be used to identify communication challenges affecting nurses during clinical handover. Additionally, focus will be directed towards the quality of communication with other forms of reporting. However, the project will use Lewin’s theory to emphasize the role of effective communication during bedside reporting. 

METHODOLOGY

The project will be based on a qualitative secondary analysis of already existing data regarding the topic under study. Thus, the approach used will involve conducting a review of peer-referred studies addressing the impact of bedside reporting on patient safety and nurse satisfaction. A key consideration is that some of the literature to be reviewed will not provide sufficient data regarding the topic in question. For that reason, the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be based on the following factors: 

Whether a study addresses qualitative aspects associated with bedside reporting and its association to patient safety and nurse satisfaction 

The recency of the studies reviewed 

The validity and reliability of results in studies reviewed 

DISCUSSION

Notably, when it comes to the satisfaction of nurses, other factors found to be important are such as the quality of relations between and among nurses, perceived managerial support, adequate staffing, as well as the inclusion of patients during clinical handover. Some of the literature consulted emphasizes the role and quality of collaborative working relationships between and among nurses (Vermeir et al., 2017; Kieft, De Brouwer, Francke & Delnoij, 2013). Thus, the relationship between nurses is critical in determining the quality of information sharing, which is a major factor in relation to patient safety. Putting Lewin ’ s theory into context, the main focus falls on the obstacles that undermine effective nurse-nurse relationships at the workplace. 

However, in order to apply Lewin ’ s theory effectively, there is a need to delineate its key points. As an advocate for change, Lewin ’ s change model promotes a shift from a known state to an unknown state which is also described as the desired state. Understandably, the uncertainty of the future “… may concern the people ’ s worth, coping abilities, and competency, and so the people of the organization do not support change unless they are convinced against that status quo ” (Hussain et al., 2018, p. 125). Therefore, the implication is that a change it is important for workers to understand why there is a need for a change in status quo. The aim of the project in question is to demonstrate the potential benefits of bedside reporting. Compared to non-verbal and traditional reporting methods, bedside reporting has been found to be more effective. Therefore, this particular finding, in the context of Lewin ’ s model of change, is sufficient evidence to persuade health institutions to shift towards adopting bedside reporting during clinical handover exercises. 

Literature reviewed reveals various issues associated with both traditional and non-verbal approaches of reporting. For instance, through EHR clinical handover, the outgoing nurse might fail to record vital patient information thereby undermining patient safety. Similarly, during traditional shift reporting, conflicting relationships among nurses could affect the quality of information sharing as well. The outcome of these deficiencies is that the patient ’ s health will be put at risk which could lead to adverse outcomes such as death. Research such as Ofori-Atta, Binienda and Chalupka (2015) explained that medical errors due to inefficient clinical handover exercises could become the third leading causes of death in the United States. Therefore, it is critical that hospitals realize the damage that traditional methods of reporting could have not only on patients ’ safety and health outcomes, but also on provider efficiency. In contrast, bedside reporting, such as through PCH, helps ensure that vital information about a patient ’ s condition is shared as well as promoting a culture of mutual respect and collaborative relationship between and among nurses. In this regard, Lewin ’ s model of change could be used to emphasize the rationale behind shifting towards bedside reporting in healthcare settings. 

The barriers towards effective provision of healthcare services were found to be low nurse-patient ratio, poor managerial support, deficient communication among staff members, which lead to unfavorable working environments (Aiken et al., 2018). However, there is deficiency in Lewin ’ s theory, as its main focus is on demonstrating the potential benefit of adapting to a particular change. Understandably, dealing with the factors that undermine, for instance, effective nurse-nurse relationships, is as important as justifying the efficacy of bedside reporting over non-verbal and traditional reporting methods. For instance, some of the potential challenges that one can anticipate during bedside reporting are such as patients and nurses asking too many questions, interruptions, all promote the length of report at the bedside. Nurses consider the length of bedside reporting as a concern (Cipra, 2016). Thus, this demonstrates the limitation in the current study as it overlooks the inherent challenges associated with bedside reporting. In such a case, the efficacy of Lewin ’ s model of change in advocating for the adoption of bedside reporting is undermined. In summary, the study was effective as it addressed the first three aims. For instance, literature consulted showed that the type of reporting matters in relation to patient safety and nurse satisfaction levels at work; that there are high ratings in patient experiences when it comes to bedside reporting; and lastly, compared to other methods of reporting has been found to be effective. 

Study Limitations 

One of the limitations has been identified earlier which is that Lewin ’ s theory of change emphasizes on justifying change while overlooking the deficiencies associated with it. The theory advocates for the inevitability and importance of change from one state to another. However, as has been noted, it does not address the issues associated with the proposed change. Apart from that, the literature gathered revealed that certain factors such as adequate staffing, managerial support of nurses, and favorable working environments, affect the quality of care given to patients. These factors could be considered as predictor variables, which determine the efficiency of clinical handover during bedside reporting. The study did not address these two aims “ Nurses ’ perception and attitudes towards bedside reporting ” and “ The willingness of nurses to use bedside reporting ” . It has been noted that some nurses have expressed their concerns regarding bedside reporting such as interruptions, oncoming nurses alongside patients asking too many questions thereby extending the length of the clinical handover exercise (Cipra, 2016). 

Nursing Implications 

Bedside reporting is an exercise that has the potential of not only improving patient safety and health outcomes, but also promoting nurse satisfaction levels at work. Through bedside reporting, nurses are compelled to establish a culture of mutual respect which allows for effective communication when sharing patient information. A comparative view of bedside reporting and other methods such as non-verbal and traditional reporting approaches shows the effectiveness of the former approach. Nurses should notice the dangers of not including patients during the clinical handover process. Sentinel events such as health complications could occur leading to adverse outcomes. Therefore, patient inclusion during bedside reporting helps alleviate such scenarios, which undermine patient safety and hence the satisfaction of nurses with their work. It is important to acknowledge the relationship between patient health outcomes and the level of satisfaction among nurses. In this case, nurses should focus on prioritization patient safety hence ascertain positive health outcomes. However, they have to anticipate challenges associated with bedside reporting such as interruptions which make the process of clinical handover lengthy. 

Thus far, the discussion has explored the potential impact of bedside reporting on patient safety and nurse satisfaction at the workplace. When it comes to patient safety, literature reviewed demonstrates the efficacy of bedside reporting over non-verbal and traditional shift reporting approaches. The rational is that bedside reporting allows for patient inclusion as well as face-to-face communication between oncoming and outgoing nurses. Consequently, an atmosphere whereby nurses can exchange information directly and in the presence of the patient is created compared to when a nurse accesses patient records via EHR or at the nursing station. Therefore, this puts emphasis on the need to include patients ’ input during clinical handover. While that is the case, various barriers have been identified such as a nurses and patients asking too many questions and interruptions which lengthen the process of bedside reporting. Unfortunately, the study did not address this particular issue thereby implying a need for future researchers to explore it further. Their input could help delineate the strengths as well as limitations of bedside reporting relative to patient safety and nurse satisfaction levels at the workplace. Moreover, one ought to understand that there are numerous other factors which determine the level of satisfaction of nurses at work such as burnout and fatigue due to inadequate staffing or lack of managerial support. 

REFERENCES

Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Ball, J., Bruyneel, L., Rafferty, A. M., & Griffiths, P. (2018). Patient satisfaction with hospital care and nurses in England: an observational study.    BMJ Open ,  8 (1), e019189. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019189 

Baker, S. J. (2010). Bedside shift report improves patient safety and nurse accountability.    Journal of Emergency Nursing,36 (4), 355-358. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2010.03.009 

Cipra, E. J. (2016). The move from recorded to bedside shift report: Evaluating barriers to full implementation . Walden University. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3126&context=dissertations 

Dorvil, B. (2018). The secrets to successful nurse bedside shift report implementation and sustainability.  Nursing Management (Springhouse),49 (6), 20-25. doi:10.1097/01.numa.0000533770.12758.44 

Hussain, S. T., Lei, S., Akram, T., Haider, M. J., Hussain, S. H., & Ali, M. (2018). Kurt Lewins change model: A critical review of the role of leadership and employee involvement in organizational change.  Journal of Innovation & Knowledge,3 (3), 123-127. doi: 10.1016/j.jik.2016.07.002 

Kieft, R. A., De Brouwer, B. B., Francke, A. L., & Delnoij, D. M. (2014). How nurses and their work environment affect patient experiences of the quality of care: A qualitative study.  BMC Health Services Research,14 (1). doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-249 

Kritsonis, A. (2005). Comparison of change theories. International Journal of Management, Business and Administration, 8 (1): 1-7. 

Kullberg, A., Sharp, L., Johansson, H., Brandberg, Y., & Bergenmar, M. (2017). Patient satisfaction after implementation of person-centred handover in oncological inpatient care – A cross-sectional study.  Plos One,12 (4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175397 

Mccay, R., Lyles, A. A., & Larkey, L. (2018). Nurse leadership style, nurse satisfaction, and patient satisfaction.  Journal of Nursing Care Quality,33 (4), 361-367. doi:10.1097/ncq.0000000000000317 

Mardis, T., Mardis, M., Davis, J., Justice, E. M., Holdinsky, S. R., Donnelly, J., . . . Riesenberg, L. A. (2016). Bedside Shift-to-Shift Handoffs.  Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 31 (1), 54-60. doi:10.1097/ncq.0000000000000142 

Miller, K., Hamza, A., Metersky, K. & Gaffney, D. (2018). Nursing transfer of accountability at the bedside: partnering with patients to pilot a new initiative in Ontario community hospitals. Patient Experience Journal, 5 (1), 90-96. 

Mitchell, A., Gudeczauskas, K., Therrien, A., & Zauher, A. (2017). Bedside reporting is a key to communication.  Journal of Healthcare Communications, 03 (01). doi:10.4172/2472-1654.100124 

Ofori-Atta, J., Binienda, M., & Chalupka, S. (2015). Bedside shift report.  Nursing,45 (8), 1-4. doi: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000469252.96846.1a 

Roslan, S. B., & Lim, M. L. (2016). Nurses’ perceptions of bedside clinical handover in a medical-surgical unit: An interpretive descriptive study.  Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare, 26 (3), 150-157. doi:10.1177/2010105816678423 

Shank, H. (2016).  Evaluating the effects and process of nurse bedside shift report on nurse’s perceptions of communication patterns, nurse satisfaction, and patient involvement . University of Toledo/Wright State University. 

Teeter, K. (2014). Relationship between job satisfaction and nurse to patient ratio with nurse burnout . Gardner-Webb University. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=nursing_etd 

Vermeir, P., Degroote, S., Vandijck, D., Mariman, A., Deveugele, M., Peleman, R., . . . Vogelaers, D. (2017). Job Satisfaction in Relation to Communication in Health Care Among Nurses: A Narrative Review and Practical Recommendations.  SAGE Open,7 (2), 215824401771148. doi:10.1177/2158244017711486 

Vermeir, P., Schillemans, S., Jolie, C., Leune, T., Vandijck, D., Smet, G., Vermassen, F. (2010). The impact of nurse - to - nurse bedside communication on patient satisfaction and resource use. Ghent University Hospital. Retrieved from https://www.nursingrepository.org/bitstream/handle/10755/601741/1_Vermeir_P_p69569_1.pdf;jsessionid=F44476959452498F6856CF798D78681F?sequence=1 

Williams, C. L. (2018). A Comparison of the Risks and Benefits of Nursing Bedside Shift Report vs. Traditional Shift Report: A Systematic Review of the Literature.  International Journal of Studies in Nursing,3 (2), 40. doi:10.20849/ijsn.v3i2.382