Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the process of simulation and signal transmission between neurons in the human brain that leads to learning and memory or recall (Zheng et al., 2019). LTP is an essential synaptic plasticity process, involves the long-term enhancement of the inter-neurons signal transmission through the synapses' persistent strengthening. The authors, Zheng et al. (2019), further describe the LTP process as involving NMDA receptors and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, facilitating signal transmission between neural circuits with the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) involved in the trafficking of the postsynaptic neurons. Upon LTP high-frequency stimulation that activates LTP, depolarization of the postsynaptic neurons happens as the AMPA receptors have sustained activation; in the process, Magnesium withdraws from the NMDA receptors and thus allows several calcium ions to enter into the cell (Duda et al., 2020). During the LTP process, the presynaptic neuron sends information or transmits chemical information while the postsynaptic neuron receives chemical messages or information. In the process, several changes happen, such as the addition of AMPA channels to the diffusional equilibrium and the extrasynaptic membrane with synaptic receptors. Changes in the glutamate release and delayed increasing the release of vesicles also happen during the LTP process.
The article Zheng et al. (2019) premised on the dramatic increase of exposure to ELF-EMFs in the past decade. The study aimed at answering the question of synaptic plasticity on the impacts of single-and hybrid-frequency magnetic fields on LTP. By conducting electromagnetic stimulation fEFSPS through four various single-and hybrid-frequency magnetic fields, the authors got 1 mT intensity to the CA1 rat hippocampal slices pathway (Zheng et al., 2019). Zheng and team found a significant decrease of fEFSPS when applied single- and hybrid-frequency magnetic stimulation, an indicator of significant regulatory effects at lower frequencies. In another article by Duda et al. (2020), the authors sought to demonstrate the critical role of fructose1, 6-biphosphate 2 (Fbp2) on LTP's memory formation. Duda et al. (2020) wanted to determine the LTP induction regulation of the Fbp2 association to the Camk2 and neuronal mitochondria. In their study, the authors used LTP induction on cell culture and cultured cells by subjecting them to immunofluorescence studies. Duda et al. (2020) found a linkage between memory formation and one's brain's energy state. Furthermore, they found an interdependence of Fbp2 and enzyme interactions in astrocyte-neuron cross-talk. According to Duda et al. (2020), LTP involves the persistent strengthening of synapses depending on recent activity patterns, which is a crucial determinant for memory encoding as it relies on synaptic strength modification. LTP is significantly a vital cellular mechanism underlying memory and learning.
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References
Duda, P., Wójtowicz, T., Janczara, J., Krowarsch, D., Czyrek, A., Gizak, A., et al. (2020). Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase 2 Plays a Crucial Role in the Induction and Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation. Cells, 9(6) , 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061375.
Zheng, Y., Ma, X.-x., Dong, L., Gao, Y., & Tian, L. (2019). Effects of single-and hybrid-frequency extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field stimulations on long-term potentiation in the hippocampal Schaffer collateral pathway. International journal of radiation biology, 95(9) , 1319-1325.https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2019.1625463.
