Biomes and biodiversity are environmental terms used to describe the ecosystem, climate, and organisms in a region. They are large regions with specific climates and plants and animals also known as communities. They are determined by the types of plants and animals in the region but are also greatly influenced by climate. There are two classifications of biomes: Terrestrial and Aquatic. Aquatic biomes consist of marine and freshwater environments. The Aquatic biomes are divided into two vertical zones based on the length of light penetration. The animals and plants that depend on the process of photosynthesis are restricted in the photic zone. In the region with limited light (aphotic) makes up a large percentage of the ocean and it is further subdivided based on depth. The aphotic zone supports little diversity of organisms as well as numbers. The freshwater ecosystem is extensive and supports life in other terrestrial biomes and thus any negative impacts in the freshwater systems affect other biomes. Terrestrial biomes entail nine different types which include; savannas, tropical rainforests, temperate forests, temperate rain forests, temperate grasslands, boreal forests, chaparral (Mediterranean), subtropical deserts, tundra, and tropical thorn scrub and woodland. Each terrestrial biome is determined by different climates and they support specific types of plants and animals. Savannas and grasslands have a warm climate and dry climate year-long. Tropical rain forests are warm and wet all year long. Tropical seasonal forests have seasonal dry seasons and support different types of tropical forests. Deserts support biodiversity that is adapted to hardship areas and they have sporadic and low rainfall. Other biomes have unique climatic conditions that support and favor the flourishing of biodiversity found in the region. Some biodiversity can survive in more than biomes that have closely similar climates and elevations. More biodiversity is concentrated along the equator and decreases towards the poles. It is defined as the variation of animal and plant species found in different biomes. Biological diversity variety is dependent on the climate of the region. It is a determinant of ecosystem levels, species, and genetics. Biodiversity relates to biomes in that it is the number of organisms present in that specific biome. Biodiversity has major benefits to humans which are the provision of food, pollination, water, and air purification, habitat, flood control, and medicine. Biodiversity plays a key role in climate regulation, especially in forests and water bodies. Despite the benefits of biodiversity, human threatens it through activities. Human threatens biodiversity through environmental degradation, over-exploitation of human resources, population growth, global warming and climate change, the introduction of invasive species, industrialization and conversion of habitats. The impacts of the above-stated activities result in the alteration of the biome's climate, migration of biodiversity, and toxicity of the aquatic environment. The threats to biodiversity can be mitigated through reduction of the invasive species, restoration of biodiversity, government legislation, reduction in the elimination of greenhouse gasses, breeding, and reduction of climate change. Biological importance of Coral reefs, mangroves, wetlands, and estuaries. These biological diversities complement each other and ensure the sustainability of them all. Mangroves trap rich runoffs and heavy metals, slows down the movement of water, and stabilize sediments. This is critical for the well-being of corals and marine life by acting as a hatching habit. The coral reefs provide food for the marine ecosystem which is served by the water from the wetlands. Vertical zonation is the vegetation zones based on altitude. Latitudes and elevations determine the temperature and precipitation of a region such as mountains are cooler and wetter compared to lower elevations.
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