Penicillin prevents the peptidoglycan from coming into contact and forming a good link in the last stage of bacterial wall synthesis. There is no harm to the human host since the antibiotic does not interfere with any biochemical processes in the human body. Tetracycline operates through binding with the 30s ribosomes that are found in the bacteria. The binding prevents the attachment of the tRNA to the complex RNA ribosomes. Tetracycline is in a position to harm the human cells. However, human cells do not accumulate tetracycline antibiotics.
Chloramphenicol is a soluble lipid, and thus it can diffuse through the membrane of the bacterial cells. The antibiotic binds with L16 proteins, where there is the prevention of the peptide chains' growth. The process inhibits the protein bonding process and the synthesis of proteins. Vancomycin affects the bacterial wall synthesis and thus stops the growth of the bacteria. The cells consist of strings of sugar that have small peptide chains. When there is binding with the D – alanyl – D - alanine category, there is the prevention of the formation of the cross-links for binding purposes. Sulfonamides synthesize folic acid. Folic acid can easily diffuse into the human cells. However, the vitamin cannot get into the bacterial cells. Bacteria need to make some for themselves.
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Antibiotics cannot kill viruses since they have different structures, and they usually replicate in an unusual way than the bacteria. The functioning of antibiotics is through targeting mechanisms through inhibiting their processes (Aryal, 2015). Viruses reside inside the human's cells where they replicate and cannot live outside the human cells. They insert their genetic materials into human DNA as a way of reproduction. The antibiotics will not work as they don't have a target in attacking the viruses.
Reference
Aryal, S. (2015). Differences between bacteria and Viruses. Retrieved from https://microbiologyinfo.com/differences-between-bacteria-and-viruses/ Accessed 11 October 2020.
