A 5-year-old child is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. During this phase, he/she experiences many contradictions and emotional extremes which greatly affect the behavior. A child this age is also able to control his/her emotions considerably as compared to a toddler. However, he/she is in the learning process which explains why most like to experiment with various activities (Gouteux, Vauclair, & Thinus-Blanc, 2001) . For a kid that shoves another one and takes his/her toys, the parent or the guardian needs to take certain steps to stop the behavior. First, he/she needs to administer immediate punishment to the child to make him/her aware of the seriousness of the matter. It is supposed to inflict small pain and make him/her stop the behavior. This action is one of the most important learning processes that are vital to the 5-year-old kid. Secondly, the parent needs to advise the kid on the need to live harmoniously with other children and treat them well. This child will learn this important virtue and avoid hurting his/her fellows.
Scenario Two
A 13-year-old person experiences different cognitive changes. During this period, people begin to experience certain changes, especially physical development. It is also from this age that most teenagers experience peer pressure. Most of them experiment many things like using drugs and relationships so they might be very sensitive in handling. To handle a child in this age requires more care as any action can correct or lead him/her astray. For the case of the teenager who has taken money, there might be various reasons that might have led to this action. First, he might be wanting to buy drugs (Steinberg, 2005) . Therefore, the parent needs to investigate if that is the case before taking any action. He/she can ask peers or teachers about the conduct of the son and whether he is on drugs or not. If so, the parent can talk to the child confidently or book him to a professional psychiatrist. The second reason why the child might have taken money from the parent’s purse is to acquire certain items like clothing or shoes that will make him fit in a certain peer group. To discourage the behavior, the parent needs to advise him on the best way to ask for money instead of taking without permission.
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Scenario Three
During the age of 21 years, a person is in early adulthood and certain cognitive changes accompany this stage. It is in this phase that one strengthens his/her relationship with parents thus it is easier to disclose adult decisions than in other stages. It is from this stage that the young adult sharpens his intimacy thus one may feel attracted more to relationship matters than in other spheres of life. This phase also sees many rely more on personal decisions thus wanting to have more freedom. For the case of a girl who has decided to forsake her studies to get married, there are various approaches the parent can use to convince her to continue with her studies. First, he/she needs to have a candid talk with the daughter on the dangers of neglecting education for marriage (Brock, 2010) . The parent needs to approach the issue with openness for the girl to realize its gravity. Secondly, he/she can seek the services of a professional counselor who will handle the case with more expertise. This approach ensures that the daughter receives the required advice before choosing marriage instead of studies. However, the parent should not use any form of punishment as it might make the girl more repulsive to the advice given.
References
Brock, T. (2010). Young adults and higher education: Barriers and breakthroughs to success. Future of Children . https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0040
Gouteux, S., Vauclair, J., & Thinus-Blanc, C. (2001). Reorientation in a small-scale environment by 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Cognitive Development . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(01)00062-4
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005
