In the current study, I want to measure interests such as career-related interests. The test aims at discerning the traits that a person who wants to become a nurse must possess. Becoming a nurse is associated with several quality dimensions. For instance, one should have a high degree of compassion and integrity to become a nurse. To generate my test items, I will interview at least 15 people currently charged with DWI and are under mandatory treatment. The items will be answered as either true or false by marking into the appropriate box. Respondents will be asked to give an explanation under any item they answer as “true” to ensure more clarity. I will also conduct a literature review to determine the available literature details as the prerequisites for preparing a subjective assessment tool. My initial test will include a total of 31 items. Under the Face Valid Alcohol (FVA) scale, there will be a total of 13 items, while under Face Valid Other Drugs (FVOD) scale, 18 items. The typical items for my test are as indicated in tables 1.0 and 1.01 below.
Table 1.0
Instructions: Kindly answer all the questions as either “True” or “false” by marking the appropriate box, and give an explanation whenever an answer is true.
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Face Valid Alcohol (FVA) |
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ITEMS |
True (Explain) |
False |
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1 |
Had drinks (beer, wine, liquor) with lunch? |
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2 |
Taken a drink or drinks to help you talk about your feelings or ideas? |
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3 |
Taken a drink or drinks to relieve a tired feeling or give you more energy to keep going? |
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4 |
Had more to drink than you intended? |
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5 |
Experienced physical problems after drinking (e.g., nausea, hearing problems, dizziness etc)? |
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6 |
Gotten into trouble on the job, in school, or at home because of drinking? |
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7 |
Became depressed after having sobered up? |
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8 |
Argued with your family or friends because of your drinking? |
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9 |
Had the effects of drinking recur after not drinking for a while (e.g., flashbacks, hallucination etc.)? |
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10 |
Had problems in relationship because of drinking (e.g., loss of friends, divorce, separation, etc.)? |
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11 |
Become nervous or had the shakes after having sobered up? |
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12 |
Tried to commit suicide while drunk? |
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13 |
Found myself craving for a drink or a particular drug? |
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Table 1.01
Instructions: Kindly answer all the questions as either “True” or “false” by marking the appropriate box, and give an explanation whenever an answer is true.
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Face Valid Other Drugs (FVOD) |
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True ( Explain) |
False |
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ITEM |
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1 |
Misused medications or drugs to improve your thinking and feeling? |
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2 |
Misused medication or took drugs to help you feel better about a problem? |
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3 |
Misused medications or took drugs to become more aware of your senses e.g., sight, touch, etc.? |
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4 |
Misused medications or took drugs to improve your enjoyment for sex? |
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5 |
Misused medications or took drugs to help forget that you feel helpless and unworthy? |
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6 |
Misused medications or took drugs to forget school, work, or family pressure? |
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7 |
Gotten into trouble at home, work, or with the police because of medications or drug-related activities? |
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8 |
Gotten really stoned or wiped out on drugs? |
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9 |
Tried to talk to a doctor about giving you some prescription drugs, e.g., pain killers? |
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10 |
Spent some spare time in drug-related activities, e.g., buying, selling, taking, etc.? |
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11 |
Used drugs and alcohol at the same time? |
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12 |
Kept taking medication or drugs in order to avoid pain or withdrawal? |
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13 |
Felt your misuse of medication, alcohol, or drugs had kept you from getting what you want out of life? |
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14 |
Took a higher dose or different medications than your doctor prescribed to get the relief you need? |
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15 |
Used prescription drugs that were not prescribed for you? |
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16 |
Your doctor denied your request for medications you needed? |
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17 |
Been accepted into a treatment program because of misuse of medication, drugs, or alcohol? |
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18 |
Engaged in an activity that could have been physically dangerous after or while drinking or using drugs? |
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In revising the SASSI-4, it is vital to balance both the sensitivity and the specificity to ensure the advanced assessment screener may be used in various settings. In the case scenario presented herein, it may be argued that when SASSI-4 had more Socratic questions other than just the two fixed questions, the professor would not have been assessed as a mild drug addict. Therefore, the newly reconstructed advanced assessment tool will have a range of both alcohol and drug questions. Resultantly, the advanced assessment tool will have two scales, that is, the Face Valid Alcohol (FVA) scale and the Face Valid Other Drug scales (FVOD). Together, these two scales will establish distinct groups of substance use disorder acuteness as either mild, moderate, or severe. According to Bäckström & Björklund (2019), these two scales have often demonstrated adequate sensitivity and specificity when used to establish the possibility of adults SUD.
The FVA is a 12 items scale, while the FVOD is a 16 items scale. Therefore, under the face valid alcohol scale, at least 12 Socratic questions will be asked, while under FVOD, 18 questions will be asked. The FAV questions will serve the purpose of seeking amplification, exploring assumptions, probing evidence and reasons, encouraging viewpoints, and probing propositions and consequences regarding alcohol usage. The 18 FVOD questions will establish more understanding of the usage of prescription drugs. The respondents will be asked to state whether the questions are true or false and base their answers on their past 12 months' experience. Advanced assessment tool for adults ought to screen accurately and detect lifetime and past years' presence of SUDs ( "Adult SASSI-4 | The SASSI Institute", 2020) . In the advanced SASSI-4, sensitivity and specificity range from 93%-94% and 88% to 90%. The instrument's internal consistency is established to be 0.97%, while the test-retest reliability range should be from 0.78% to .99%, which supports the arguments presented by Lazowski & Geary (2019).
In most cases, the diagnoses often prove only 2 of the 2-3 criteria required in determining the levels of SUDs severity. Due to this, it is observed that out of those who have screened negative after clinicians indicated SUDs severity, more than a half (57%) had DWI violation. To limit such cases, "Adult SASSI-4 | The SASSI Institute" (2020) asserts that the logistic regression should not prove any significant effects regarding the client's demographical setting or characteristics. In the formulation of advanced SASSI-4, the DSM-5 section ought to include significant changes. Firstly, the assessment scale should be changed from an abuse dependence to a SUD mild, moderate, or severe continuum. The SUD continuum should consist of all the criteria initially unique to substance use disorder mild, moderate, or severe, and the additional craving criterion. "Adult SASSI-4 | The SASSI Institute" (2020) asserts that SASSI-4 screening results do not provide results showing that an individual is using or abusing controlled substances. According to Tsai et al. (2019), much of the attention has been given to alcohol use disorder than opioid use disorder. The inclusion of a scale that may effectively identify the use of opioids in the SASSI-4 is a factor to consider. For the SASSI-4 Rx scale, the advanced SASSI-4 instrument should have diagnostic specifications of the prescription and other drugs observed in positive cases. This feature will ensure the SASSI-4 estimates screening error rates for the entire Rx scale. The advanced SASSI-4 instrument offers a sensitivity of about 78% even when respondents try to withhold their SUD information deliberately. These results may be achieved through the development and the use of advanced assessment equipment.
References
Adult SASSI-4 | The SASSI Institute. (2020). https://sassi.com/sassi-4/
Bäckström, M., & Björklund, F. (2019). Is reliability compromised towards the end of long personality inventories? European Journal of Psychological Assessment , 35 (1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000363
Lazowski, L. E., & Geary, B. B. (2019). Validation of the adult substance abuse subtle screening inventory-4 (SASSI-4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment , 35 (1), 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000359
Tsai, A. C., Alegría, M., & Strathdee, S. A. (2019). Addressing the context and consequences of substance use, misuse, and dependence: A global imperative. PLOS Medicine , 16 (11), e1003000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003000
