What are the effects of a leadership style on performance and job satisfaction of employees?
This question has three variables, the dependent and independent variable. Leadership style is an independent variable, while performance and job satisfaction are dependent variables. Leadership styles are attributes, attitudes, and assumptions displayed by leaders. They can be measured using the Multifactor Leadership questionnaire. This tool evaluates different leadership styles and their outcomes (Van'Jaarsveld, Mentz, & Ellis, 2019). Job satisfaction can be measured using a single global rating, which involves asking employees how satisfied they are and the Summation Score, which analyzes the feelings of employees regarding various job elements. All the variables are nominal since they cannot be numerically measured. The variables are qualitative since they cannot be measured statistically but can only be observed subjectively
Operational definitions
Leadership style -The techniques that a leader uses to guide his subordinates
Performance - The output of any activity that is carried out to achieve the set out objectives
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Job satisfaction - measurement of how happy one is with their job.
What are the perceptions of employees towards leaders’ virtues and vices?
This question has two variables. The perception of employees towards leaders is the dependent variable, while the virtues and vices of employees are independent variables. Perception can be measured using a Likert scale. Information from the Likert scale is transformed to mean index to identify the real percentage (Ho, 2016) . Vices and virtues can be measured using self-report questionnaires. The scale of measurement of percept ion ordinal since an order can be placed on it while vices and virtues scale of measurement is nominal since they lack a numerical value. Perception is categorical, while virtues and vices are qualitative since they cannot be quantified.
Operational definitions
Perception of employees - How employees think of their leader
Virtues- Any good values portrayed by the leader
Vices- Any negative values portrayed by the leader
The effects of leader’s characters on employees’ appreciation of the leadership
The variables in the question are; leader's character, which is an independent variable, and employee appreciation, which is a dependent variable. The character of leaders can be measured using objective tests, such as personality tests that measure the characteristics of a person without influence by other people. Appreciation can be measured using the GRAT questionnaire, which measures people's dispositional gratitude (MIDSS, 2020) . Both variables are nominal since they cannot be represented using numerical data. Both have the same characteristic of being quantitative since they are not quantifiable.
Operational definitions
Leader’s character- the behaviors of the leader
Employee appreciation- The act of an employee being grateful
What role does leadership competence affect innovation?
The dependent variable is innovation, while leadership competence is the independent variable. Innovation is influenced by leadership. Leadership competence can be measured through the evaluation of their attributes and effects on employees and colleagues and can be done using interviews and questionnaires. Leadership competence is nominal and qualitative since it cannot be numerically measured or quantified. Innovation can be measured using innovation metrics, such as the number of patents per fiscal year, the number of new projects, among others. This information is quantifiable and hence ratio and continuous.
Operational definitions
Innovation- The act of being creative to solve a problem
Leadership competence- A measure of how good a manager is at his work
Can transformational leadership compete with rapid technological advancements?
The dependent variable is transformational leadership, while technological change is the independent variable. The change in transformational leadership can be measured using a self-report scale, which evaluates the leadership style is advancing by identifying the improvement in the outcomes. Its measure is ordinal since change can be identified and has categorical characteristics. Technological advancement is measured using Total Factor production, which measures the efficiency of producing goods and services (Watsa, 2008) . Its measure is ratios since it can be measured numerically, while it is also continuous because it can be represented in a numerical form.
Operational definitions
Transformational leadership- A leadership style used by managers whereby they actively involve the subordinates before coming up with any change.
Technological change- The adoption of a new innovation to carry out the activities of an organization
References
Ho, W. G. (2016). Examining Perceptions and Attitudes: A Review of Likert-type Scales Versus Q-Methodology. Western Journal of Nursing Research .
MIDSS . (2020). Retrieved from MIDSS Website: https://www.midss.org/content/gratitude-resentment-and-appreciation-test-grat-revised-grat-and-short-form-grat
Van'Jaarsveld, L., Mentz, P. J., & Ellis, S. (2019). Implementing the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Challenging Context: Results from a Large-Scale Quantitative Study. International Journal of Educational Management , 604-613.
Watsa, K. (2008). World Bank. Retrieved from World Bank Website: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGEP2008/Resources/GEP08-Brochure.pdf
