The root causes of cyberbullying, according to Hoff and Mitchell (2009), include the inferiority complex resulting from racism. Most teenagers suffering from racism and racial discrimination cannot handle social tensions, especially in schools and other social settings. Additionally, these people cannot handle well the pressures that come with relationship issues. Hence, they become withdrawn and take to the use of cyber to vent out by bullying other people. For this category of individuals, the authors argue that cyberbullying is a projection of their own fears and insecurities, and are driven by the wish to hurt other people as well to become even with the society.
Swartz argues for ethnic supremacy as a root cause of cyberbullying, particularly in cases where teenagers and adults of white ethnicity become antisocial in environments that have more people of color. The white persons thus feel the need to exercise their ethnic supremacy by mostly bullying people of color through the cyber as a method of intimidation (Swartz, 2009) . Ethnic supremacy is closely tied down to gender supremacy for this category and is well manifested in cases where a white male intimidates a black female over the internet to assert his chauvinism and white supremacy.
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Lastly, Wolke and Guy explore imperialism as a root cause for cyberbullying by closing linking this form of cyberbullying to the traditional forms of bullying across the world. Imperialism is characterized by the need to extend one's country's power and influence, mainly through economic exploitation (Wolke, Lee, & Guy, 2017) . In this scenario, an individual from a perceived powerful state uses cyberbullying to not only assert their country's authority but also to intimidate mostly immigrants and refugees to scare them from exploiting the country's economy and resources. The competition for scant resources may not necessarily drive such an approach. Imperialism has more to do with extending a country's rule over foreign nations.
References
Hoff, D. L., & Mitchell, S. N. (2009). Cyberbullying: Causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration , 47 (5), 652-665.
Swartz, M. K. (2009). Cyberbullying: an extension of the schoolyard. Journal of Pediatric Health Care , 23 (5), 281-282.
Wolke, D., Lee, K., & Guy, A. (2017). Cyberbullying: a storm in a teacup? European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 26 (8), 899-908.
