Question 1: Physical, Cognitive and Psychosocial Development
Physical development involves the general structural change in the body and brain of a human being. The process starts when a person is born until when he/she reaches late adulthood. Physical development involves the control a human gains over the general body especially the coordination and muscle functions (Lightfoot, Cole, & Cole, 2013) . Some of the stages of this growth include infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Secondly, cognitive development refers to the abilities one acquires in reasoning and solving problems. It is common during childhood where the child gains knowledge and skills which help him/her in thinking and understanding the surrounding environment. Cognitive development mostly occurs in the brain as it is responsible for reasoning functions (Vallotton & Fischer, 2008) . A parent plays an important role in fostering this growth as he/she is the first source of knowledge. Lastly, psychosocial development involves psychoanalytic theory which encompasses eight stages as part of this growth. They include the hope stage (trust vs. mistrust) from 0 to 2years, will (autonomy vs. doubt/shame, 2 to 4 years), purpose (guilt vs. initiative, 5 to 8 years), competency (inferiority vs. industry, 9 to 12 years) and fidelity (identity vs. role confusion, 12 to 19 years). Others include love (isolation vs. love, 20 to 39 years), care (stagnation vs.generativity, 40 to 59 years), and wisdom stage (despair vs. ego integrity, 60 years to late adulthood).
Question 2: Theory of Moral Development
The theory of moral development is based on dilemmas people find themselves in concerning particular codes of morality. It was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) who heavily borrowed from Jean Piaget’s theory about the same. He gave different stories to demonstrate how human beings are faced with a moral dilemma by asking different questions which allowed the audience to make varying judgments on each case. Kohlberg developed different stages according to age to demonstrate how moral development works. The first one is the pre-conventional morality level which occurs between 0 to 9 years (Kohlberg, 1971) . During this stage, one does not have an individual set of morality but rather depends on the examples set by adult members of the society. A person does not have independent reasoning as it relies on the physical repercussion of each action. The second stage is the conventional morality which occurs during adolescent and adult years. At this level, a person starts to comprehend certain moral standards by looking up to a particular role model. Lastly, there is the post-conventional morality stage which involves making judgments according to personal principles. However, one cannot agree with this theory due to various shortcomings. First, the listed dilemmas are not familiar with many individuals thus hard to verify them as ultimate truths. Secondly, a lot of bias occurred during sampling as all people involved were of the male gender.
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Question 3: Development from High School to Adult Years
After I joined high school, I became aware of the physical changes that were occurring in my body as of great concern. They include breaking of voice, growing of public hair, and experiencing increased attraction towards the opposite sex. I considered myself an adult and wanted to experiment with everything I considered as reserved for grown-ups. I rarely listened to advice as I wanted to learn all by myself. As years went, I had done some mistakes which could greatly affect my future. However, with time, my reasoning improved as I could make more sound judgment depending on the prevailing circumstances. With increased independence in decision-making, there was also an increasing temptation to indulge in undesirable activities based on what my friends did. They include alcohol drinking and using drugs. I saw some of my peers as heroes for doing those activities without realizing the repercussions they had on one’s life. Peer pressure was still a big problem at this stage.
References
Kohlberg, L. (1971). Stages of Moral Development. Moral Education .
Lightfoot, C., Cole, M., & Cole, S. R. (2013). Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood. The Development of Children .
Vallotton, C. D., & Fischer, K. W. (2008). Cognitive Development. In Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development . https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370877-9.00038-4
