Chapter 5
The type and characteristics of microbial pathogen that causes the disease.
The microbial pathogen that causes the bubonic plague is known as Yersinia pestis . The pathogen was named after the person who discovered it, named Alexandre Yersin. The microbial agent is characterized as a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium.
The major factors that led to outbreaks of the disease.
The significant factors that contributed to the disease's spread include the steamships and railways that facilitated human travel across the world. The other cause is poor hygienic conditions, which harbored rats and flies that contributed to the spread of the infection.
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How society attempted to control the outbreaks.
The society tried to control the plague outbreaks by isolating the infected; at ports, ships were denied entry, especially those from the areas experiencing the outbreak. Additionally, quarantine was imposed on travelers as well as goods for 40 days before being allowed to disembark from ships (Sherman, 2008) . The establishment of quarantine stations on nearby islands and shores was implemented.
The major effects of the outbreaks on the human population as a whole.
The major impact of the outbreaks on the human population was the reduction in the human population; for instance, by AD 600 in Western Europe, the population had reduced by one hundred million (Sherman, 2008) . The human population was impacted such that trade deteriorated and contributed to an end to the Classical World.
Chapter 7
The type and characteristics of microbial pathogen that causes the disease.
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The bacterium does not respond to gram stain due to a waxy coating on its cell's surface. The identification of the bacterium depends on acid-fast stains, for example, fluorescent stains. The microbial agent requires high levels of oxygen for its survival.
The major factors that led to outbreaks of the disease.
The factors that led to tuberculosis's outbreaks are urbanization and crowding, increased poverty that prompted poor nutrition. The other major cause is poor hygienic conditions. Consumption of unpasteurized milk from animals infected with Mycobacterium bovis that later turned to the infectious M. tuberculosis was the other cause of the spread.
How society attempted to control the outbreaks.
Society tried to control the outbreak by killing tubercular cows, pasteurization, hand washing, and organizing educational campaigns of education through newspapers to elaborate on the dangers posed by the disease, precautions to reduce the infections, and treatment (Sherman, 2008) .
The major effects of the outbreaks on the human population as a whole.
The major effect of tuberculosis on the human population as a whole is that the disease leads as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. Estimates indicate that one-third of people globally are infected with tuberculosis presently.
Chapter 8
The type and characteristics of microbial pathogen that causes the disease.
The pathogen that causes malaria disease is a parasite referred to as Plasmodium. Four types of plasmodia cause human malaria: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale , and P. malariae . Sporozoites of the parasites enter the blood and to the liver cells, where it multiplies asexually to produce the infective type (Sherman, 2008) . The offspring invade erythrocytes, and the asexual reproduction results in merozoites responsible for the pathogenicity of malaria.
The major factors that led to outbreaks of the disease.
The major factors that led to the disease include the favorable conditions in the rainy and low-lying agricultural areas for the mosquitoes that transmit the disease. Another factor is famine and malnutrition. Malnutrition favors the susceptibility of the disease. Another factor is the development of resistance to antimalarial drugs.
How society attempted to control the outbreaks.
The society attempted to control the disease by preventing mosquitoes from infesting on humans; efforts were put to eliminate the mosquito larvae. Additionally, trying to reduce the life-span of the adult mosquitoes was considered. The killing of mosquitoes with insecticides and clearing of vegetation are the other attempts to control malaria.
The major effects of the outbreaks on the human population as a whole.
The major effects of malaria on the human population include causing population deaths, malaria affected ancient advancements, for example preventing Alexander the Great from extending his conquest. The prevalence of the disease limited the activities of the farming populations. In other scenarios, malaria obstructed both social and economic growth in American colonies.
Chapter 11
The type and characteristics of microbial pathogen that causes the disease.
Human immunodeficiency virus is the microbial pathogen that causes AIDS. The virus exhibits an unusual form in the genetic material in the form of RNA and not DNA (Sherman, 2008) . HIV destroys white blood cells.
The major factors that led to outbreaks of the disease.
The major factors that led to the spread of AIDS include the population size and the communal activities that merge the susceptible individuals with the infected ones—having unprotected sex, sharing needles contaminated with the virus, and having other sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia.
How society attempted to control the outbreaks.
Society tried to control the spread of the disease by the use of drugs that suppresses the disease. The society also is educated to limit getting exposed to the risk factors.
The major effects of the outbreaks on the human population as a whole.
AIDS has caused many deaths among populations every year. The disease results in reduced life expectancy, social vulnerability. Additionally, the disease results in reduced production and disadvantaged economic growth.
References
Sherman, I. W. (2008). Twelve diseases that changed our world.
