GPB (Gram-positive bacteria) are fundamental systematic disease causes in patients that are immunocompromised, most patients undergoing transplantation. There has been a rise in two preceding infections resulting from GPB, attributing to various prominent reasons that contain antimicrobial prophylaxis mainly focused on GPB infections prevention. The use of near-universal intervascular indwelling access devices usually reserved for a duration that is extended additionally contributes to the surge of the GPB infection cases. Complicated and prolonged surgical processes in solid beneficiaries of an organ transplant, immune suppression that is drug-induced, tissue ischemia resulting in deep tissue infections and post-surgical wounds, and allograft injections are critical contributing factors towards Gram-positive bacteria and bacterial infections. On the other hand, orointestinal tract and skin involving host-versus-graft disease, orointestinal tract involving mucositis presence, and prolonged and severe pre-engraftment neutropenia are considered crucial Gram-positive bacteria infections risk factors in the transplant of the stem cell population. Widespread distribution and emergence of methicillin-resistant community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus have resulted in invasive GPB infections among the vast population spectrum since it involves transplant beneficiaries ( Safdar, 2019) . The foundations for effective care of such GPB infections include early diagnosis, fast initiation of appropriate medication, prognosticators outcome assessment, and recognition of the potential for late and early infection and treatment-related consequences. Human pathogens such as staphylococci and streptococci are among the most common bacteria. The Staphylococcus class exists in over 35 species. Staphylococcus is Gram-positive eubacteria that test positive for coagulase or catalase and grow in clumps . Staph aureus in regular hosts is the most common bacterium, generating pyogenic toxin-mediated illnesses and various pyogenic infections. They have become more resistant to antibiotics like glycopeptides and methicillin over the years.
GPB involves three primary species Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species , and Enterococcus. They have thick cell walls with the organisms, which shows the bacterium is positive in a Gram stain test. During the test, the genera's cell wall is purple-stained throughout the test since it uses a chemically made dye purposed for test. The Gram-positive genera hallmark is their structure, such as not having an outer membrane. They have a cell wall that is complex, which consists of teichoic acids, peptidoglycan, proteins, and polysaccharides, which enables it to engross foreign materials easily. The bacteria have a 40 to 80 thick peptidoglycan layer; thus, for its movement, it might have flagella or rarely pili or hair-like structures ( Nunez , 2019) . Gram stain testing is a procedure for categorizing pathogens in reference to their cell membrane. Experts often use the method to detect if the bacteria are gram-negative or gram-positive. In 1884, Hans C. Gram founded the procedure, which employs a microscope ( Nunez , 2019) . A sample of the organism is tainted with chemical crystal violet colorant throughout the operation. Bushy peptidoglycan layers are only stainable by the chemical dye making the procedure distinct to these bacteria. Gram-positive genera appear purple-blue when viewed under a microscope as their bushy peptidoglycan wall has the ability to contain the dye. Resulting from the positive outcome, the bacterium is identified as a gram-positive organism.
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Staphylococcus forms clusters that resemble grapes. They live on our skin and mucous membranes without producing difficulties in most cases. Staphylococci , on the other hand, can cause serious illnesses if they penetrate the body. Bacteria of the Streptococcus genus develop in chains. Because the cells do not entirely split after they divide, chain development occurs. Streptococci , like staphylococci , are found in the human body ( Sizar, 2020) . They're most commonly seen in the intestines, skin, mouth, and mouth. Enterococci is a bacterium type found in the gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria come in at least 18 different genera ( Safdar, 2019) . Among the most prevalent species is Enterococcus faecalis , as it often leads to diseases in the human body ( E. faecalis ). The Bacteria can also be found in the vaginal area and mouth. They're tough; thus, they can survive in hostile conditions like salty, acidic, or hot. E. faecalis is a bacterium that dwells in an individual’s intestine intestines and is typically harmless. It can, however, spread to other parts of a host’s body, resulting in more severe disease. During surgery, microorganisms can enter the patient’s urine, a wound, or bloodstream. It can then spread to other parts of the body, causing more dangerous ailments such as endocarditis, meningitis, and sepsis. The three pathogenic bacteria can cause critical complications in a human being's body thus, early diagnosis of the through the stain test by physicians helps a patient get the best medication and, in extreme cases, additional procedures such as fluid therapy.
References
Nunez, K. (2019). Gram Stain Definition and Patient Education. https://www.healthline.com/health/gram-stain#benefits
Safdar, A., & Armstrong, D. (2019). Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. In Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases (pp. 419-445). Springer, New York, NY.
Sizar, O., & Unakal, C. G. (2020). Gram positive bacteria. StatPearls [Internet] .
