DNA profiling is the major technique of forensic analysis that is applicable in the identification of the genetic component of individuals especially in crime scenes. In the wake of collection of biological material from the evident crime scenes, the DNA sample is extracted from the source, which is generally biological and examined to know the actual quantity of DNA recovered. For example, in criminal profiling, isolation of the DNA from the recovered cells involves copying of specific regions of these cells by way of a chain reaction known as polymerase chain reaction. The reaction results in the production of millions of copies that represent each segment of interest and this allows for examination of the minute amounts of DNA. in another example, where parentage is to be determined it is vital to consider examination of multiple regions of the STR regions. The process of STR analysis or the short tandem repeats involves examination of the highly polymorphic regions that are bounded by short repeated sequences of the protein under investigation. DNA profiling may also be used in identification, where under normal circumstances, 4 repeated bases are considered, although for the case of unrelated people having different numbers of repeated units, 3 and 5 repeated bases may be considered. Finally, giving the specific identification involves targeting the STR loci with sequence specific primers that are normally amplified by use of PCR.
Population evolution and microbial life
Population evolution is the use of the population ecology and population genetics in the process of understanding the ecology and development of infinitesimal eukaryotes and viruses. Population evolution with regards to microbial life involves the analysis of community interrelations between microorganisms in the wake of microbial co-evolution on one hand and microbial predator-prey interactions on the other. The first application of the concept of population evolution and microbial life is in the analysis of medication procedures, where understanding the ecological evolutions like mutations of these micro-organisms may help in the discovery of the cure for diseases. The other way in which the concept of population evolution and microbial life can be applicable in biology today is in understanding infection patters, which is a proactive method of studying the development of these populations. The third application of the concept of population evolution and microbial life is in the development of the interactions and interdependence of the populations, which helps in understanding the symbiotic factors affecting growth. For instance, the study may help in utilizing the economic effects of the microbial activity in biological processes like fermentation, which has an economic value.
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Biological diversity evolution
Biological diversity evolution is the diversity in the change of the genetic information among populations. Biodiversity is the key role of keeping the healthy ecosystems, where a forum for understanding this diversity helps in maintaining the sustainability of the ecosystem as a whole. Biological diversity evolution also looks at how populations change with time in the realm of extinction, mutation and speciation. These changes are applicable in the current field of biology in the sense that they help in the definition of green economy. This is from the fact that the study of the concept of biological diversity helps human beings to utilize the environment while also defining sustainability of the ecosystem. For instance, understanding the concept of biological diversity evolution may aid in the resolution to exploitation of resources while addressing environmental conditions like pollution. Biological diversity evolution may also be applicable in the medical invention of antibiotics, while it may also aid in the understanding of invention of network systems since different forms of evolution give lead to the generation of different technological network systems.
Plant and animal evolution
Plant and animal evolution is a concept that is used to define the changes in the traits that can be heritable in the plant and animal populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes result in the biodiversity of each level of biological organization, which includes the change in the nature of the species, the nature of the individual organism and the molecules bounded within the organism. The first application of plant and animal evolution is in the artificial selection, where human beings use this process in the seletion of domesticated animals. The concept may also be applicable in the field of medicine, where scientists sue the changes in the heritable characteristics to determine the levels of antibiotic resistance and thus give the best system of medication in cases of mutation. Animal and plane evolution also helps in the field of computer science, where it is regarded to optimize processes that lead to the development of networks that are in designing computer applications.
Population growth
Population growth refers to the aggregate increase in the number of individuals in the plant or animal populations over a specific period of time. The population growth is determined by the knowledge of the population growth rate, which is the rate at which the number of individual plants and animals increases over a given period of time. The population growth gives the change in the change in the aggregate population over a unit time period, which is expressed as the percentage of the total number of individuals in the said population at the beginning of the period. The first application of the concept of population growth is in the determination of sustainability of the ecosystem. This is from the fact that the increase in population causes a strain on the available resources, where understanding the relationship between this growth and the available resources may aid in conservation as a way of defining sustainability. The second application of the concept of population growth is in the identification of animal or plant species that is endangered as a way of prescription for proactive actions to reduce the levels of vulnerability to the existing population. The next application of the concept of population growth is in the planning for the future, where the knowledge may aid in the reservation of resources to fit the demands of either the increasing or declining population.
Biomes and ecosystems
Biomes are large ecological areas on the surface of the earth, which comprise of both the fauna and flora parts that adapt to the environment. Biomes are characterized by biotic factors like the climate, the relief features, the geological orientation and the vegetation. On the other hand, ecosystems are interactions between the things that are living and those things that are non-living. This implies that an ecosystem veers through the process by which the plants, animals and other organisms rely on each other and how they rely on the physical environment comprised in the biome for the purpose of growth and development. The first application for the concept of biomes and ecosystems in biology is in the understating the feeding habits of organisms like development of food webs and chains. The second application of the concept of biomes and ecosystems is in the general care of animals, where understanding the biome and the ecosystem may help in deciding the conditions prevalent for the development of a certain species of plants and animals. The concept of biomes and ecosystems may also be helpful in the determination of the relationships between plants and animals as a way of defining sustainability in the correlations between these living organisms.
