Question 1.
Besides technology, Hardin suggests that environmental issues can be addressed through the implication of private ownership (Hardin, 1968). In that, individuals will preserve the environment since they want to safeguard the value of their possessions.
Kleinberg holds that adaptation tracking practices could enhance the development of a healthy framework for managing global adaptation growth by changing the culture of consumption (Klinenberg, p.4, n.d.).
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Question 2.
The “ Tragedy of the Commons” framework is used to discuss the adequate exploration of resource degradation through the introduction of the privatization method.
Hardin uses the example of cattle to support his notion that individuals will keep on deteriorating the environment by adding more cattle hence the reduction of the productivity of every cow due to the maximized density.
According to Hardin’s estimation, overpopulation is considered a tragedy of the commons since the system of welfare hinders persons from experiencing the full costs of over-reproducing.
David Harvey terms the aspect of privatization by Harvey as an accurate perception of the superior efficiency of private ownership rights in line with resources and land uses (Harvey, p. 105, 2010).
Question 3.
According to Laura Polido, environmental racism entails the spatial relationships between community demographics and ecological menaces that depict inequality by acknowledging the “white privilege” (Pulido, p.13, 2000).
Significantly, Polido seeks to extend the perceptions of environmental racism past the narrow understanding of “discriminatory acts” as well as into the aspect of the historical, and political economy.
Possessive investment in whiteness implies the manner in which the white privilege functions by not viewing themselves as having wicked objectives hence they can detach themselves from all racist tendencies.
In the past, a polluter was commonly found located near a black neighborhood since the land is considered to be inexpensive hence it was an ideal place for an industrial zone thus undermining the well-being of the black community.
Question 4.
Wachsmuth argues that significant historical changes in the field of agriculture and industries gave rise to the separation between society and nature. The advanced spatial division of labor enhanced the social realities, particularly in European industrial capitalism.
The three ecologies entail human ecology which involved the treatment of the city as an ecology both in natural and exterior environments. The industrial environment whereby resources flow explores cities that hypothesize the outward nature as the spring of city metabolism’s raw substances. The last one is the urban political ecology which is a redesigning of the city as an outcome of various socio-natural streams.
Wachsmuth holds that urban metabolism on the three ecologies has made a significant influence on scholarly identifications of suburbanization as well as society-nature affairs. Through the industrial environment, the requirements connected to materials and energy are understood through the industrial systems (Wachsmuth, p.510, 2012). Nonetheless, the human ecology tends to apply the concept of metabolism to gain knowledge about the development of cities and societies while urban metabolism will transform nature into society.
References
Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/162/3859/1243 .
Harvey, D. (2010). The Future of the Commons. Radical History Review, 2011 (109), 101-107. Doi: 10.1215/01636545-2010-017.
Kleinberg, E. (n.d.). Adaptation: How Can Cities Be Climate-Proofed? 1-17. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/11814373/Adaptation_How_Can_Cities_Be_Climate-Proofed
Pulido, L. (2000). Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90 (1), 12-40. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00182.
Wachsmuth, D. (2012). Three Ecologies: Urban Metabolism and the Society-Nature Opposition. The Sociological Quarterly, 53 (4), 506-523. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01247.x.
