http://www.pnas.org/content/112/44/13693.full
Research indicate the trends in drugs, Cannabis remain the drug of choice globally. From the beginning cannabis was of less concern to the medical health. However current reports indicated that rise in adverse in health results connected to steady use of the marijuana. Among other effects connected with the use of marijuana include road accidents, psychotic disorders, and Tuberculosis and drug induced-induced psychotic symptoms.
According to the research done in the year 2010, showed that about 129-190 million individuals in the whole world consumed cannabis. Within the same year about 13.1 million individuals were addicted to cannabis. The study done in recently shows that many people who use cannabis, used it for pleasures. Such pleasures included, sensual, feeling happy, euphoric and silly (Gray et al 2010)
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Other adverse effects were also reported. Among the effects reported were, decreased respiratory functions, and heart linked infections like cardiovascular (A kind of a disease that involve the heart and the blood vessels. The disease is associated with it include the heart failure, stroke and the hypertension. It’s among the diseases that are associated with the use of drugs ) diseases. Laboratory experimental designs that vary the doses of (THC) tetrahydrocannabis was done. The chemical is responsible for the effects that comes along with it consumption.
Several drug users have been involved in search for the reason of consuming despite the many fatal effects associated with the use of drugs. Some of the users gave various opinions. Among them is that the drug according to the relieved the stress, created anxiety during social events like wedding, at local pubs.The drug also stimulated the eating appetite. Somebody also commented that it created morale especially for sporting activities, watching and listening to the musics.It was also noted that cannabis was being used to boost the energy for work especially with various tasks that involved household chores. The users are then likely to develop a serious problem. Cannabis addiction is very high in men and young people 20-24 years although does not relate to rise in mortality.
According to the public health report, rise of birth ( The act or process of bringing or bearing a child or offspring. The term has been used here so as to link the effect associated with drug consumption and effects on infants ) defects was found to increase at a very high rate to small kids exposed to cannabis. Though other effects among them, has not been recorded yet. One of the commonly effect is linked with the exposure of cannabis to pregnant mothers is reduced birth weight of children. The importance of this review is to establish the effects of exposing infants to cannabis during the pregnancy the growth and behaviors which seem not clear. The temporal effect associated with the consumption to expectant mothers is medication pain during child delivery.
This specific review of these two particular articles is to critically examine the effects of the cannabis to prenatal exposure on the pregnant women aiming to give clear evidences on the effects associated with cannabis exposure of foetus during developmental stages and the pregnancy results The study done on prenatal exposure to cannabinoids should critically give summaries and the evidences regarding to the effects of prenatal cannabis exposed during the foetus developmental stages. The report presents long lasting functions after interfering with the targeted CB1 receptors on developing cortical neurons.
CB1 cannabinoid receptor main target is THC which is known to be psychoactive component of cannabis. The main role played by the THC is regulatory functions in the development of the brain. This was evidenced by the consequences associated with neurodevelopmental in the animal model manipulations.
When pregnant mothers take cannabis, it affects the structures of the brain ( The central part of the human part in the nervous system which also bears the spinal cord ) and interferes with the developmental processes of the developing foetus. Though there is still no clear evidences to support the whole phenomenon. A study was done with a mice with aim of identifying a particular neurodevelopmental components responsible for the cannabinoid induced functional alterations that remained averted in an adult animals.
The following was the outcome. Hence it was found that when tetrahydrcannabinoid when exposed to cannabinoid prenatal, it interfered with cortical projection neuron development. The evidence was the impairment of sub cerebral projection during the neuron development due to exposure of embryonic tettrahydrocabannabinoid.
Another results of prenatal THC exposure showed long-lasting alterations in the skilled motor function and the seizure susceptibility. This was done so as to examine the results impaired subs cerebral projection neuron development caused by the prenatal exposed to cannabinoid. The results showed that the corticospinal functioning was similarly impaired induced by the embryonic THC exposure to cannabinoid. This means that the developing THC administration caused the interference in the synaptic and plasticity and connectivity. Though the long term effect still remain to be unknown.
Another experimental design showed that neuronal and functioning analyses of prenatal in mice administered with THC showed identical phenotype to the mice with no CB1R.Therefore this affirm that exposure of cannabinoid to embryonic THC interfered with the neuron developmental functioning of CB1 producing signals. Therefore, prenatal tettrahydrocabannabinol exposure temporarily impairing CB1R was similarly investigated.
The experiment done showed down regulatory of CB1Rs transiently due to exposure of embryonic THC.The neurodulatory function of CB1R in the maturing brain exerts the overall actions of the intravascular action. The greatest interest has recently emerged and the potential applications of cannabis preparation enrich the cannabidiol for the purpose of managing pediatric epilepsy disorders like dravet.
There is need for further investigations required in order to establish reliable information in contributing for these and other neurons in line with the targeted prenatal cannabinoid exposures. In every event the observations about the preclinical supported that via the cannabis preparations one could expert actions associated with the anticonvulsive in adults and kids as well. Neural correlates of psychedelic state determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin.
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/6/2138.full
With reference from the experimental design, psychedelic drugs were used in early healing ceremonies. Though there was little knowledge on how they worked in the brain. The experiment constituted the psilocybin a class of psychedelic found in the magic mushrooms. This was pushed by the prolonged use of psilocybin in the healing ceremonies and also in some recent years. It has been used in the psychotherapy. Serious empirical experiences which might leave long-term psychological impression. However recent knowledge about it is minimal.
So as to address the issue, a functional fMRI technique was used together with protocol designed were used to produce an image that showed a transition from a normal working consciousness to a psychedelic state. Two groups of people were in performing of this particular experiment. The first part of the experiment was to scan them by the help of (ASL) Arterial spin labeling. Psilocybin effects begun in seconds.
The interaction between the (CBF) cerebral blood flow ( a given amount or volume of blood passing through amount of the brain tissue at given time per unit always given in mm.It is one of the parameters that generate perfusion that is CT and MR perfusion hence relevant in studying fMR1 technique s ) and the psilocybin was reduced CBF. This was significantly recorded before and even after psilocybin verses after placebo and increased level of CBF was recorded in any of the observed regions. The decrease of CBf was mostly recorded in areas around PCC and mPfc and in regions of vital connector hubs for example thalamus, ACC, mPFc and Cotemporally dynamics of cerebral blood flow changes was then tested and a significant complimentary relationship between ACC, CBF changes post psilocybin was established.
Blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) fMRI results indicated the deactivation after psilocybin. The designed experiment showed that blood oxygen dependent signal, in the upper region of the brain, which recorded the same case with cerebral blood flow observed using ASL and consistently. Reducing the level of mPFC, PCC, subthalamic and the putamen. There was no increase in blood oxygen dependent signal just like ASL experimental results.
Physiological correction and bleath hold, BOLD, ASL and fMRI measured changes in vascular signal that is related to change in the neural activities. Among other factors that modulated brain vasculature with no effect to neural activity included the following; increased in carbon dioxide during respiration lead to increase in CBF.
In the pharmaco physiological relation the following has been analyzed; the outcome especially intriguing evidence signify the reduction in positive coupling of the PCC together with mPFC after psilocybin. The result can well be understood with the regression of the activity of PCC and mPFC after the psilocybin. The findings can either be interpreted as a reduction backward or top down connection from the prefrontal to the parietal part. The asymmetric changes during coupling was caused by the psilocybin that is consistent with the reduction in sensitivity of the superficial pyramidal cells around the parietal region which will always be targeted by the prefrontal effects which could or not be compensated with increased influence of the parietal part on the activity on the prefrontal region.
Any of the underlying synaptic mechanisms, therefore these results after the clear evidence for the perturbation vice versa of the coupling that is between the associations area and speaks to the rebalance of the activity of hierarchical that is in high level models (Campolongo et al 2009)
With regards to the historical background of psychotherapy drugs, from the information obtained in this article in different experimental design, psilocybin can be used in treating certain psychiatric disorders. This is because it seem the relevant activity it has with mPFC has been known to elevate the depression and making it normal after treating it effectively (Calvigioni et al 2014)
Psilocybin consistently deactivated the mPFC according to the experiment designs obtained from this article. Drugs subjective effectiveness correlated to the magnitude of deactivation of depression has also been given characteristic of an over-stable state in which cognition is pessimistic rigid. Pessimism traits linked to 5HT2A deficient receptors stimulation especially inside the mPFC showed increased subjective well-being and the openness traits for many months just after the acute experiences and depression scoring in the terminal cancer patient.
It was also observed that reduced cerebral blood flow in the hypothalamus after administering psilocybin which can explain anethol results that the psychedelics reduced symptoms of the clustered headaches raised hypothalamic cerebral blood flow which was observed with these people who suffered acute cluster headache and the inhibition in the hypothalamus through direct stimulation electrical which can offer therapeutically relief for such condition (Wu et al 2011)
In conclusion, adverse and comprehensive fMRI protocol was used to image the effects of the brain psilocybin. The studies provided most detailed information up to date on the psychedelic state produced in the brain. The results from these experiments design explained the connectivity and activity in the brains hubs connector allowing unconstrained styles of cognition. Therefore, further work should be done to test the hypothesis and the potable utility of psilocybin associated with the depression.
References
Calvigioni, D., Hurd, Y. L., Harkany, T., & Keimpema, E. (2014). Neuronal substrates and functional consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure. European child & adolescent psychiatry , 23 (10), 931-941.
Campolongo, P., Trezza, V., Palmery, M., Trabace, L., & Cuomo, V. (2009). Developmental exposure to cannabinoids causes subtle and enduring neurofunctional alterations. International review of neurobiology , 85 , 117-133.
Gray, T. R., Eiden, R. D., Leonard, K. E., Connors, G. J., Shisler, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2010). Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth. Clinical chemistry , 56 (9), 1442-1450.
Wu, C. S., Jew, C. P., & Lu, H. C. (2011). Lasting impacts of prenatal cannabis exposure and the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the developing brain. Future neurology , 6 (4), 459-480.
