Question 1
A family is a unit of two or more individuals linked by blood, adoption, marriage, or consensual union consisting of one household, which communicates and interacts together. The family defines and considers three kinds of families: joint, nuclear, and three-generational families (Sharma, 2013). The family can be categorized in various dimensions such as by the type marriage (polygamous or monogamous), by location (avunculocal, patrilocal, and matrilocal), by authority (matriarchy, patriarchy), and by the composition of the kin (joint, nuclear). Thus, a family share the same financial resources (Sharma, 2013). When parents in nontraditional families such as same sex family encourage strong bonds within their families, children are more likely to be concerned about why their family is different, and they may feel more secure in their family as their parents are more open.
The family system theory suggests that individuals cannot lie alone but rather as a part of a family. Thus, families are interdependent and interconnected persons. Thus, each member in a traditional or nontraditional family has rules to respect and roles to play in the relationship (Sharma, 2013). Therefore, within the boundaries of a family system, there is the development of patterns as various family members' actions might cause other family members to conduct themselves in a certain way that is expected.
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Sharma, R. (2013). The family and family structure classification redefined for the current times. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care , 2 (4), 306.
Question 2
Currently, families play a vital role in safeguarding patients as they assist them in adhering to medical advice by encouraging them to exercise and follow healthcare professionals' instructions. Thus, the family as a unit is the pillar for every individual as it provides a constant source of stability psychologically. A partnership between healthcare providers and a family is regarded as family-centered care as it strengthens the natural bond that the family has with the patient thus promoting healthy functioning of the family.
Health promotion strategies can be beneficial to the overall well-being of a patient. Nurses can evaluate the patterns of behavior of a patient using these strategies. Approaches that are used in health promotion includes environmental change, health communication, health policy, and education (Masten, 2018). Nurses require effective planning to choose methods that are best suited for the targeted individual to gain control of their health. They should develop a timeline for oriented strategies, select the best strategy that can be used to achieve a desired outcome for the patient; they should continuously monitor the patient to make sure that their health programs become successful. They should participate in community health education (Masten, 2018). Moreover, they should educate their patients on actions that maintain and promote their health to prevent diseases such as weight loss, smoking cessation. They should also inform the patient on the appropriate health schedules and integrate therapies complementary to health promotion for the patient. Moreover, they should use intervention care that is team based to facilitate coordination and communication of care support of patients.
Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: Past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review , 10 (1), 12-31.
Question 3
In the 19th century, the term health was used to refer to being free from illnesses. During the time, diseases were more common due to the shortage of sanitary conditions. In the late 19th and early 20th century, a proper understanding of the importance of appropriate hygienic conditions and necessary measures was put into place to manage illnesses. Vaccinations were gradually invented in the 20th century, and health definition shifted more towards prevention as the vaccines worked to prevent the onset of diseases. The growth of health promotion became recognized as an accumulation of factors such as spiritual, physical, and mental wellness (Faulkner,2018). Presently, the aim is to make a culture of wellbeing whereby health illness and promotion anticipation was the center and searching for medications after the onset of a disease.
Health, wellness, and prevention should be well understood by nurses and families to offer the ultimate care to the patient. Individuals cannot choose their health status, but they have a choice to move towards wellness (Badash et al., 2017). For example, an individual cannot control a family history of diabetes, but they can make healthy choices in exercise and diet to help in wellness achievement. It is the process of enabling individuals to improve and take control of their health. Individuals should adopt a lifestyle that is healthy to maintain a life that is free from illnesses as it encourages embracing physical activities to maintain a healthy weight and reduce obesity risk.
A nurse must implement interventions of health promotion that are based on evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice is vital as families and individuals deserve treatments that work, and EBP has been tested and proven. The nurse should implement cost-effective and quality interventions of health promotion. EBP programs in health promotion are effective in improving health and preventing illnesses. The patient should be surrounded by positive and supportive family members to achieve wellness of the patient.
Badash, I., Kleinman, N. P., Barr, S., Jang, J., Rahman, S., & Wu, B. W. (2017). Redefining health: the evolution of health ideas from antiquity to the era of value-based care. Cureus , 9 (2), 17.
Question 4
Primary prevention measures help prevent the onset of an injury or illness before the beginning of the illness. Secondary prevention refers to actions that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of an illness, injury, or disease to stop complications from developing. Tertiary prevention actions that preventive and are aimed at rehabilitation after the onset of an infection ( Edelman et al., 2017). In comparison, the three levels are aimed at prevention and avoidance of a disease before it begins.
The prevention levels can help in the determination of a patient’s needs. At the primary level, the preventive measures are aimed at preventing the onset of a disease. Examples include taking regular exercise and immunization. In the secondary levels, the prevention measures aim to lead to early diagnosis of a disease and include breast self-examination and high blood pressure screening. In tertiary prevention, the steps are aimed at rehabilitation following an illness and include rehabilitation of individuals who have developed a disability or impairment ( Edelman et al., 2017). Individuals at tertiary level can be reeducated and retrained on how they can reduce the symptoms they already have and how they can improve their quality of life.
Edelman, C. L., Mandle, C. L., & Kudzma, E. C. (2017). Health promotion throughout the life span-e-book . Elsevier Health Sciences.
Question 5
A nurse can use their knowledge in health, skill they have gained in their workforce, experiences, and cultural awareness to gather cultural information from patients ( Purnell & Fenkl, 2019). It can be achieved by learning primary overall data on the internet on cultural groups that are dominant. They can also create opportunities for them to interact with dominant cultural groups and can also gather more information on cultural practices and beliefs and integrate them into their nursing care.
Cultural competence is a procedure that involves the integration of skills, attitudes, and knowledge for the enhancement of cross-cultural communication and fosters respectful, meaningful relationships with others. It aids nurses in understanding their patients better ( Purnell & Fenkl, 2019). Thus, patients can prepare their healthcare provider to understand, manage and recognize socio-cultural issues that occur in cultural encounters.
A nurse can demonstrate cultural competency in nursing practice in the following ways:
Considering that each patient is unique and not defined by their culture.
Know their cultural practices, beliefs, and values and appreciate how they are unique.
Learn from past mistakes.
Try to encourage beneficial practices and beliefs from various cultures and discourage harmful cultures.
Cultural awareness is important as it helps the avoidance of making the wrong decisions by healthcare providers and increases their chances of making insightful decisions regarding their patients. It also improves the communication between nurses and their patients. Being culturally aware can be a challenge as it can result to prejudice and negative cultural stereotypes.
Purnell, L. D., & Fenkl, E. A. (2019). Transcultural diversity and health care. In Handbook for culturally competent care (pp. 1-6). Springer, Cham.
Question 6
Nutrition is a primary component in the promotion of health as it is helpful for the growth, maintenance, and development of the human body. A major nutritional challenge is that individuals are too busy in their work life such that they lack the time to consume proper nutrition and diet, thus lacking the nutrients essential for their body’s normal functioning, which leads to various conditions such as obesity (Onyango et al., 2020). Socioeconomic factors affect deficiency diseases as individuals are unable to consume better nutritious foods. Proper nutrition helps in the avoidance of disease thus promoting the quality of life of individuals. The promotion of a lifestyle that consists of healthy patterns of eating that helps in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
Deficiency in nutrition leads to malnutrition, whereby individuals get weak and becomes susceptible to many illnesses. Moreover, nutrients deficiency can result in various health problems which includes defective growth of the bones, skin disorders, stunted growth, dementia and digestion problems (Onyango et al., 2020). The excess of nutrition leads to obesity and other conditions.it can also lead to toxicity. For instance, excess vitamin A leads to vitamin toxicity.
Onyango, A. W., Nikiema, L., & Kimokoti, R. W. (2020). Nutrition in Health Promotion Policies and Programs at the Community Level. Handbook of Global Health , 1-36.
Question 7
The role of health education in promoting health includes imparting knowledge to individuals about living a healthy lifestyle and creating awareness regarding various illnesses. The education on health provides information to patients and the community as it eliminates the lack of knowledge barrier regarding illnesses. Educating the community through health education and individuals improves the population’s health and aids in health promotion. It plays a crucial role in the avoidance of illnesses, prevention of premature death and promoting the quality of life. It helps in decreasing economic liability on the system of healthcare.
The nursing process helps create a conducive environment for learning, especially about self-care, illnesses, and their prevention methods. Health and care begin from individuals, and gradually the whole society can benefit from the education and teachings ( Kumar & Preetha, 2012). Nurses incorporate knowledge to the patient and the family members, which aids in positive outcomes thus satisfaction.
Nurses should learn and manage cultural competence to offer better treatment to their patients. They should also intervene in specific beliefs and cultures for the provision of better patients’ facilities and impart knowledge and cultural competence needs to the society such that individuals with various cultures can get access easily top facilities and a healthy lifestyle.
Kumar, S., & Preetha, G. S. (2012). Health promotion: An effective tool for global health. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine , 37 (1), 5.
Question 8
Characteristics that would lead a healthcare provider to suspect elder abuse, domestic violence and emotional abuse is taking place within a family include whether an individual exhibits apparent signs of extortion, excessive fear, bruising, malnutrition, stress and depression, embarrassment, shame, and minor lacerations. The nurse should look for concern patterns and multiple indications of problems such as signs of depression ( McCoy, & Keen, 2013). They are expected to ask questions such as “what happened to your eye” and report to the necessary authority suspected care of the abuse. The nurse should listen more as it can help empower abused individuals into being emotive.
A nurse should contact the right authority on suspected case of abuse. For matters regarding child abuse, the state has departments of social services and should be reported using hotline numbers ( McCoy, & Keen, 2013). The abuse of elders of older individuals should be reported to social services to be handled by the state department of adult services.
In my facility, elder abuse, child abuse and domestic violence is considered a very trivial matter. A suspected case is reported to the head of the facility who then contacts the local police, the matter is then investigated and if a culprit is found, they are taken into custody. The victim is treated in the facility and they are offered counselling services to help them deal with the trauma.
McCoy, M. L., & Keen, S. M. (2013). Child abuse and neglect . Psychology Press.
References
Badash, I., Kleinman, N. P., Barr, S., Jang, J., Rahman, S., & Wu, B. W. (2017). Redefining health: the evolution of health ideas from antiquity to the era of value-based care. Cureus , 9 (2), 17.
Edelman, C. L., Mandle, C. L., & Kudzma, E. C. (2017). Health promotion throughout the life span-e-book . Elsevier Health Sciences.
Kumar, S., & Preetha, G. S. (2012). Health promotion: An effective tool for global health. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine , 37 (1), 5.
Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: Past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review , 10 (1), 12-31.
McCoy, M. L., & Keen, S. M. (2013). Child abuse and neglect . Psychology Press.
Onyango, A. W., Nikiema, L., & Kimokoti, R. W. (2020). Nutrition in Health Promotion Policies and Programs at the Community Level. Handbook of Global Health , 1-36.
Purnell, L. D., & Fenkl, E. A. (2019). Transcultural diversity and health care. In Handbook for culturally competent care (pp. 1-6). Springer, Cham.
Sharma, R. (2013). The family and family structure classification redefined for the current times. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care , 2 (4), 306.
