Question 1: Distribution of Health Resources
Lacking education, being oppressed and living under subject poverty are among the many challenges and complexities hindering ethical decisions to be made in resource allocation with regards to global health. These complexities present a number of ethical dimensions in making decisions concerning resource allocation and accountability. According to research by Alfano (2013), at least 28% of nurse managers experience conflict between the moral obligations linked to their profession and that of their practices. In this regard, effective and competent leaders and managers in healthcare should be able to counter the wide array of issues impacting global health and successful management of health issues such as ethical, political and social issues.
There are six ethical principles that can guide health care leaders in not only justifying their decisions concerning the allocation of scarce resources but also ensure that human rights are observed when dealing with displaced persons ( Breakey et al., 2015). These principles include respect for persons, truth-telling, justice, non-maleficence, as well as, beneficence. With regards to justifying the distribution of scarce resources, the principles of beneficence, autonomy, and justice are ideal for guiding the decision-making process by nurse leaders and managers. Distributive justice is likewise ideal for health providers, managers and policy makers in making difficult decisions regarding the distribution of scarce resources in health care.
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In essence, beneficence refers to the principle in which one acts with regards to the benefits of others while encompassing the minimization of harm and maximization of positive good. The principle of justice, on the other hand, means treating every member of the community fairly, while fairly distributing the benefits and burden associated with the global health to individuals and community at large (Working Group, 2003). Lastly, there is the principle of contextual caring that entreats the nurse leaders, managers and researchers to regard every participant within an ethical relationship that involves the concerns of care grounded in the personal values of the researchers.
Question 2: Food Security
Food security refers to a time when every individual at every time has viable access to enough food that is nutritious and safe, and it meets their daily needs for their diet and preferences in food in a bid to meet their healthy and active lifestyle (USAID, 2019). At the same time, it means access to enough food for all members of a household, which satisfies their healthy and active lifestyle. A significant portion of the world population is affected by food insecurity, with poverty being the main cause of food insecurity ( Breakey et al., 2015). Therefore, to reduce the burden of hunger, a number of steps should be taken such as supplying monetary funds to the less fortunate and formulating a number of programs that address nutrition concerns and offer a long term solution for the production of food to communities affected.
Even though this world has attained major advances in technology, a number of political, ethical and social issues still affect the distribution of resources leading to the persistence of hunger around the world. Lack of education can be a major factor especially when it comes to obtaining nutritious food for healthy development. Apparently, there are consequences associated with undernutrition and overnutrition (USAID, 2019). The consequence of undernutrition may include stunted growth and underweight, increased risks in illnesses and a reduced intellectual capacity among developing children, as well as, an increased risk in pregnancy-related mortality and repetitive infectious illnesses.
References
Alfano, S. L. (2013). Conducting research with human subjects in international settings: ethical considerations. The Yale journal of biology and medicine , 86 (3), 315.
Breakey, Susan; Corless, Inge B.; Meedzan, Nancy L.; Nicholas, Patrice, K, Editors (2015) Global Health Nursing in the 21st Century. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN: 978-0-8261-1872-1 Read Breakey et al Chapters 4, 31
USAID (2019). Improving Nutrition for Women and Young Children. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition
Working Group for the Study of Ethical Issues in International Nursing Research, & Olsen, C. D. P. (2003). Ethical considerations in international nursing research: a report from the International Centre for Nursing Ethics. Nursing Ethics , 10 (2), 122-137.
