HIV is a major global public health issue, with more than 35 million lives claimed so far. One million people died in the year 2016 from HIV related causes worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus is abbreviated as HIV, which is the cause of HIV infection. AIDS initials in full refer to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The advanced stage of HIV infection is known as AIDS. Dimensions of wellness refer to the determination of individual wellbeing. There are seven dimensions of wellness which shall be discussed later of this paper. Levine's conservation theory has mainly been used in the field of nursing when it comes to treatment of patients with various conditions including HIV/AIDS. In HIV therapy, Levine's conservation model and the aspect of dimensions of wellness is used. I, therefore, find it necessary to give a brief description of HIV/AIDS, Levine's conservation theory and dimensions of wellness.
HIV/AIDS
African region is the most affected with 25.7 million people living with HIV. This is according to WHO reports of 2016. In the United States, sharing of drug injection tools and having sex with a person who has HIV is the primary causes of it spread. HIV attack and destroy CD4 cells of the immune system. Destruction of the cells makes it difficult for the body to fight infections and certain cancers. The spread of this disease is caused by direct contact of body fluids with a person who has the virus. Such fluids include pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, breast milk, semen, vaginal fluids, and blood. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is caused during breastfeeding, pregnancy period or childbirth. HIV medicines can reduce mother-to-child transmission of this virus when the woman takes it as recommended by the physician.
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Antiretrovirals or ARVs are used to treat HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a method of using ARVs to treat HIV infection. The importance of ART is to prevent HIV from reproducing, this reduces the magnitude of HIV in the body. When the body has a significant amount of this virus in the body, it weakens the immune system which may advance the HIV infection to AIDs. The role of ART is not to cure the illness but to prolong the life of people with HIV and reduce the threat of HIV transmission ( Montaner et al., 2014). Flu-like Indications such as rash, fever or chills may appear within 2 to 4 weeks after one gets infected with HIV. An individual can develop other signs and symptoms as the infection weakens the resistant in the body. The symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes a cough, fever, weight loss and diarrhea. If they are not treated, they can develop to plain infection such as cryptococcal meningitis, lymphomas, tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma.
The behaviors and conditions that risk people contracting HIV include: sharing contaminated syringes, needles, and drug solutions, having unprotected sex, unsafe injections, tissue transplantation, blood transfusions, having another STIs such as herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis among others, and through accidental needle stick injuries. A serological test is done for HIV diagnosis. The serological test helps to detect the presence or absence of antibodies. The antibodies to HIV in most individuals develop within a month of infection. However, serological testing is not enough to detect HIV infection in children less than 18 months of age. Instead, Virological measurement can be carried out at week 6 or at birth to identify the virus in infants born to mothers with HIV. HIV/AIDs prevention may include; testing and counseling for STIs and HIV, male circumcision, use of ARVs, eliminating mother-to-child transmission, use of male and female condoms and reduction of people who inject and use drugs ( Maartens et al., 2014). HIV infection has no cure, but it can be curbed through the method of ART comprising three or more antiretrovirals drugs.
Levine's conservation theory
Levine established the four conservation principles in this theory. The model denotes that the goal of nursing should be to maintain fullness and encourage adaptation through the use of doctrines of conservation. It further directs nurses to concentrate on the responses and influences at the individual capacity. This is accomplished through the preservation of structure, energy, and individual and societal integrity. She states that everyone has an exceptional range of adaptive reactions. The responses vary according to age, gender, challenges from an ailment and genes. Manifestation and timing of the reactions are distinctive to individual's pulse rate although the responses are the same to everyone (Abumaria et al., 2015). Patient's integrity can be maintained while staying within realities of the environment because adaption is an ongoing process of change. The conservation principle promotes wholeness which exists when integrity is assured during interaction with the environment
The realization of equilibrium of energy demand and supply in the biological authenticities of a patient is referred as conservation. Four aspects of conservation code include preservation of personal integrity, preservation of social integrity, conservation of energy and maintenance of structural integrity. The preservation of structural integrity denotes the restoring or maintaining physical body and its healing. The maintenance of personal integrity identifies recognition, respect, self-determination, and awareness as individual needs. Patient's relationship and interactions with other people are addressed in the protection of social integrity.
Dimensions of wellness
The seven aspects of wellness include physical, environmental, occupational, intellectual social, spiritual and emotional wellness. Emotional wellness focuses on acceptance, awareness and healthy expressions. It contains a positive expression of emotions, behaviors, and feelings despite frustrations and disappointments. Cultivating an optimistic attitude, reducing negative emotions, managing stress and ability to bounce back from adversity are vital facets of emotional wellness (Strout et al., 2016). Maintaining proper weight, managing stress, regular medical checkups are constituents of physical wellness. Some components of occupational wellness are volunteering, mentoring and caregiving. The respect we have for ourselves and others, our interaction, which creates a support system for patients, friends, and families, promotes social wellness. Environmental wellness entails the harmonious living of people's life and the earth. The interaction is through the supply of water, pollution, the safety of food and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Intellectual wellness is all about critical thinking, creative pursuits and engaging the mind in live interaction.
Summary
As a nurse, a health condition such as HIV/AIDs is one that lives within our working environment or back at home. Nurses interact with people suffering from the disease more often and their families. The social wellness is an essential factor when dealing with patients and families. We should understand the emotions, shocks, and disappointments that come with a realization of a patient's positive HIV testing. Preservation of social integrity determines how nurses handle HIV patients, their families, and friends. The conservation of personal integrity, which informs more on individual needs, helps nurses to counsel and treat patients knowing well that they have a right to be respected and recognized. The goal of nursing according to Levine's conservation theory is to maintain wholeness and adaptation. All dimentions of wellness plays a vital role in giving a clear guidline on how to deal with people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV patients should, therefore, be helped to adapt to the new condition of living with the disease through the proper ART.
References
Abumaria, I. M., Hastings ‐ Tolsma, M., & Sakraida, T. J. (2015, July). Levine's conservation model: A framework for advanced gerontology nursing practice. In Nursing forum (Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 179-188).
Maartens, G., Celum, C., & Lewin, S. R. (2014). HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. The Lancet , 384 (9939), 258-271.
Montaner, J. S., Lima, V. D., Harrigan, P. R., Lourenço, L., Yip, B., Nosyk, B., ... & Hogg, R. S. (2014). Expansion of HAART coverage is associated with sustained decreases in HIV/AIDS morbidity, mortality and HIV transmission: the “HIV Treatment as Prevention” experience in a Canadian setting. PloS one , 9 (2), e87872.
Strout, K. A., David, D. J., Dyer, E. J., Gray, R. C., Robnett, R. H., & Howard, E. P. (2016). Behavioral Interventions in Six Dimensions of Wellness That Protect the Cognitive Health of Community ‐ Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 64 (5), 944-958.
