Primary sources denote records or documents which involve an experiment, study, trial or research project (Alderman, 2014). They are normally authored by the individual(s) who conducted the research, performed the study, or carried out an experiment, and comprise methodology, hypothesis, and study findings. They include legal and historical papers, imaginative writings, witness narrations, statistical information, findings of an experiment, video and audio recordings, art objects, and speeches. Primary sources for instance research articles frequently fail to expound on the terminology as well as theoretical standards in depth. Therefore, a reader of primary academic research must have a basic insight into the topic. One needs to utilize primary resources to acquire a first-hand version of the actual occurrence and recognize original research performed in a discipline. The usage of primary resources is often a necessity for most papers.
An example of a primary source is: Gallo, E., Stelmach, M., Frigeri, F., & Ahn, D. H. (2018). Determining whether a dosage-specific and individualized Home Exercise Program with consults reduces fall risk and falls in community-dwelling older adults with difficulty walking: a randomized control trial. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy , 41 , 3, 161-172.
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Whereas primary sources are indispensable, secondary sources are equally vital to an investigator. It is factual that there is at least one step removed from a primary source—i.e., the raw information which informs them. A secondary source has at least one step removed from the articles and the individuals who utilized them. Frequently, but not all the time, a secondary source is an academic article authored by the researcher and it focuses on a specific, narrow topic, for instance, a pool of letters composed by a certain individual. Moreover, secondary sources consist of non-professional articles in which individuals investigated and made deductions grounded in a collection of paintings, documents, or artifacts (Alderman, 2014). Secondary sources include meta-analysis, systematic reviews, clinical care notes, professional news, newsletters, monographs, practice standards and guidelines, entries in medical or nursing encyclopedias, patient education information and legal and government information. Whereas secondary sources typically consist of photos of certain samples of objects under investigation and quotations from pertinent published sources, they focus on deductions grounded in the analysis of the articles in conjunction with that individual’s construal of those articles and the like in the perspective of the writer’s broader understanding. Whereas an investigator might utilize certain tertiary sources to locate their specific topic in the bigger historical, economic, political, and social setting which it belongs to, the study focuses mainly on the set of articles themselves.
An example of a secondary source is: Gunter, M. D., & Duke, G. (2018). Reducing uncertainty in families dealing with childhood cancers: An integrative literature review. Pediatric Nursing, 44 , 1, 21-36.
In comparison, a tertiary source is further removed from the primary source than the secondary source is, since it is a compilation of data obtained from numerous secondary sources. Tertiary sources vary in quality from Wikipedia or Encyclopedia entries to scholarly papers (Alderman, 2014). Due to their wider scope, tertiary sources may provide a wider analysis compared to what secondary sources could. Whereas tertiary sources still frequently consist of certain primary sources examples, their information is mostly obtained from a gathering of other works of scholars, mainly secondary sources. Tertiary sources sacrifice an exhaustive analysis of particular articles to concentrate on larger picture patterns.
An example of a tertiary source is: Abernethy, D. R., Sheehan, C., Griffiths, J. C., & Williams, R. L. (2009). Adulteration of drugs and foods: compendia approaches to lowering risk. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 85 , 4, 444-447.
Peer-reviewed journals are another source of information. Today, the academic world acknowledges internet sources as long as they are considered to be of good quality, after inspecting how the study itself was carried out, the researcher’s training background, the sources referred to in the paper, and its publisher. Peer review implies that several individuals educated in a similar discipline have recited and sanctioned of the writing presented within the article (Alderman, 2014). Most frequently, peer-reviewed sources are published in academic journals or by academic publishers, although they may similarly include websites held by esteemed organizations, and documents presented at professional seminars.
Araujo, E., & Maeda, A. (2013). How to recruit and retain health workers in rural and remote areas in developing countries: a guidance note. Global Health Workforce Alliance. https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/wb_retentionguidancenote/en/
It is very easy to greatly give priority to primary sources, partly because a primary source is the most objective reference one may find. However, because of this inclination, a person disregards or even penalizes non-academic scholars who use heavily the secondary and particularly tertiary sources. Within the academic world, although primary sources are still regarded as a fundamental and exceptionally valuable portion of the study for many, good quality secondary, tertiary and peer-reviews sources are equally valuable. In this novel era of instant satisfaction of the information thoroughfare, Academic world today acknowledges internet sources. A combination of these sources helps the researcher to build his/her research on the subject matter, enabling him/her to generate a stable basis of information to support the hypothesis (Alderman, 2014). A quality study paper would contain primary, secondary, tertiary peer-review sources listed within the bibliography.
References
Abernethy, D. R., Sheehan, C., Griffiths, J. C., & Williams, R. L. (2009). Adulteration of drugs and foods: compendial approaches to lowering risk. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 85 (4), 444-447.
Alderman, J. (2014). Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Beginning Library & Information Systems Strategies . 4
Araujo, E., & Maeda, A. (2013). How to recruit and retain health workers in rural and remote areas in developing countries: a guidance note. Global Health Workforce Alliance. https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/wb_retentionguidancenote/en/
Gallo, E., Stelmach, M., Frigeri, F., & Ahn, D. H. (2018). Determining whether a dosage-specific and individualized Home Exercise Program with consults reduces fall risk and falls in community-dwelling older adults with difficulty walking: a randomized control trial. Journal of geriatric physical therapy , 41 (3), 161-172.
Gunter, M. D., & Duke, G. (2018). Reducing uncertainty in families dealing with childhood cancers: An integrative literature review. Pediatric Nursing, 44 , 1, 21-36.
