Blood vessels describe the vessels in which blood circulates in human or animal bodies. Arteries are the vessels that help in circulation of blood from the heart to other body organs. Arterioles are the divisions of arteries. Arterioles are further divided into venules, and they collect blood from different organs in the body. The venules unite to form veins, and they mainly help in returning the blood to the heart. Arterioles and venules are connected by capillaries, and they form an exchange point where wastes and nutrients are exchanged between blood tissues and organ tissues. Every blood vessel has a thin layer of cells in the inner surface, referred to as the endothelium. The basal lamina separates the endothelium from the tough external layers. The basal lamina is an extracellular matrix which is a product of the epithelial cells. The role of the endothelium cell is to control substance passage to and from the blood.
The path of circulation consists of the heart, arteries, and veins. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulations are the two main types of blood circulation which are both powered by the heart. The blood flows from the lungs and then back to heart is the pulmonary blood movement. Oxygen-depleted blood moves to the lungs through the blood vessels where it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. Deoxygenated blood departs the systemic blood flow via the vena cava and enters the atrium on the right. Blood then enters the ventricle on the right via the tricuspid tap, and finally flows through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery divides into two and joins the lungs from each side. Deoxygenated blood flows from the ventricle on the right to connect with both pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary truck that carries blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange. Oxygen-rich blood moves from the lungs to other body organs in the systemic circulation, distributing oxygenated blood to cells and absorbing oxygenated blood. Pulmonary veins allow the flow of blood to the atrium on the left. The blood containing oxygen then flows and enters aorta via the left ventricle. At the diaphragm, the aorta divides further into the suprarenal arteries, renal and lilac.
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The arterial system consists of vessels which transport blood to other body organs from the heart. The arteries walls are thicker and more elastic compared to those of veins. Blood in arteries is pumped with a high pressure compared to blood in veins, which explains the reason behind thicker and elastic arterial walls; to be able to accommodate the pressure. Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa are the three distinct layers of artery walls. Among the key arteries in the human body include the aorta, head and neck arteries, torso arteries, abdomen arteries and also legs and arms arteries. The venous system refers to blood vessels that transport oxygen-depleted blood to the heart from various body organs. The deoxygenated blood that is transported by these veins is absorbed through capillaries which are the smallest body vessels. The veins are categorized according to their location and functions. There are systemic veins and pulmonary veins, and also the superficial veins and deep veins.
