It is stated that Manuel could remember the questions from the previous test. If the main intention is to check on the consistency of the test's success over time, we can conclude that the test is reliable, based on the fact that there are only a few changes in the quality or concept being measured. However, it is worth noting that the application of the test-retest is only used in instances where one wants to measure the tests’ consistency and not necessarily to test the rationality and dependability of Manuel’s results in the test. To ascertain an examinee's actual performance, skill level, and competence, we must prepare and issue them a new test that has not been previously administered.
Sources of measurement error in Manuel’s situation include an uncomfortable testing environment; the room where Manuel is taking the test is cold because the heater has malfunctioned and is making a clicking sound. It is known that the conditions of a testing atmosphere can greatly impact the reliability of the achievement test. In such cases where the testing environment is cold and noisy, the examinee is likely to be distracted and hence be unable to perform well.
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The other source of measurement error can be attributed to influencing factors; Manuel mentioned feeling tired because of having indulged in a football match the night before the test. In this case, he may have been experiencing fatigue when he sat for the test. That may have influenced his performance. Other factors that have a similar effect are stress, sickness, motivation, and environmental distractions, and they all may affect the reliability of a test. The fact that Manuel could remember some of the questions from a previous test is another factor that could be a measurement error. Having encountered and tackled the questions would influence his performance in the test, causing the results to be skewed towards a better performance.
