The lateralization of the brain function shows the specialty of cognitive processes and neural functions to a side of the brain or the other, especially the connection between connections of the corpus callosum with the medial longitudinal fissure separating the human brain into two different cerebral hemispheres. Callosum syndrome or split-brain patients often have a disconnection of the corpus callosum severed to a substantial degree (Alam et al., 2021). These patients' behaviors and day-to-day operations help reveal pertinent issues of the human brain functions as there is the separation of the right and left brain, which have distinct impulses, perception, and concepts. The split-brain patients retain the motor skills, which require both sides of the body that they previously learned before the surgery or onset of their condition. Some of these functions include swimming, walking, and biking, among others. Additionally, split-brain patients can learn new skills or perform new tasks that require either their mirrored or parallel movements of hands or fingers (D’Alberto et al., 2017). The functioning of the split-brain patients shows that the left hemisphere of the brain is more verbal while the right hemisphere does more emotion recognition and visual perception. The split-brain experiments by Roger Sperry from 1959 to 1968 on animals and humans revealed that split-brain patients could memorize double information (Alladi et al., 2017; Johnson et al., 2018; Raymer et al., 2018). Sperry found that hemispheres of the human brain had different functions since, for split-brain patients, the left side could interpret language while the right could not.
When it comes to language and language disorders, patients could have trouble communicating their message to the next person when speaking, understanding what others are saying, or having challenges in both using and understanding language. There seem to be differences in the aspects of language found in the right and left hemispheres of the brain (Chai et al., 2016). Lateralization of language functions such as literal meaning, grammar, and vocabulary is to the left hemisphere, particularly in right-handed people. The left hemisphere controls language, logic, and math. Conversely, lateralization of music and visual imagery is to the right hemisphere of the brain. The right brain hemisphere is involved in deciphering accentuation and prosody as it participates in verbal communication (Breedlove & Watson, 2019). The right hemisphere interprets visual information and does spatial processing.
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Brain damage, particularly damage to the Broca, happens as a result of dead cells. Broca aphasia occurs when such damage is on the frontal lobe of the brain. These cells often die because of insufficient flow or lack of blood or oxygen to a particular part of the brain (Marshall et al., 2019). Some common causes include brain tumors, brain infections, stroke, and a severe blow to the head, progressive neurological conditions, or gunshot wounds. Broca aphasia patients cannot produce manual, written, or spoken language due to this kind of brain damage even though they retain the capacity to comprehend language. Broca's aphasia patients show difficulty in grammar, formation of complete sentences, use of verbs and nouns, problems reading, difficulty in following directions, omitting parts of words, and problems in articulating sounds words.
In my opinion, Wernicke’s aphasia is more impactful on daily life to have than Broca’s aphasia. A patient with Wernicke’s aphasia has more problems in understanding than their Broca’s aphasia counterparts, whose understanding impacts. Considering that understanding is essential to the actions humans take, it seems more important to understand than to communicate. Additionally, considering that one person understanding many people is more beneficial than many people struggling to understand one persona, Wernicke’s aphasia would be more devastating since the patient will not understand others, whether in verbal or written settings. On the other hand, Broca’s aphasia patients can easily understand others and carry on with their daily lives more quickly than their Wernicke’s counterparts, thus feeling fewer impacts. A Wernicke’s aphasia patient is also unaware that they could be articulating what is incomprehensible to others; unlike for Broca's aphasia patients who understand the parts they are missing.
References
Alam, T. R., Mckeown, B. L., Gao, Z., Bernhardt, B., Wael, R. V., Margulies, D. S., et al. (2021). A tale of two gradients: Differences between the left and right hemispheres predict semantic cognition and visual reasoning. bioRxiv , 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.23.432529.
Alladi, S., H, T., Bak, M. S., Gollahalli, D., Rajan, A., Surampudi, B., et al. (2017). Bilingualism delays the onset of behavioral but not aphasic forms of frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia , 99, 207-212.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.021.
Breedlove, S. M., & Watson, N. V. (2019). Behavioral neuroscience (9th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Chai, L. R., Mattar, M. G., Blank, I. A., Fedorenko, E., & Bassett, D. S. (2016). Functional network dynamics of the language system. Cerebral Cortex , 26(11), 4148-4159.https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw238.
D’Alberto, N., Funnell, M., Potter, A., & Garavan, H. (2017). A split-brain case study on the hemispheric lateralization of inhibitory control. Neuropsychologia , 99, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.017.
Johnson, L., Fitzhugh, M. C., Yi, Y., Mickelsen, S., Baxter, L. C., Howard, P., et al. (2018). Functional neuroanatomy of second language sentence comprehension: An fMRI study of late learners of American sign language. Frontiers in Psychology , 9, 1626.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01626.
Marshall, C. R., Hardy, C. J., Russell, L. L., Bond, R. L., Sivasathiaseelan, H., Greaves, C., et al. (2019). The functional neuroanatomy of emotion processing in frontotemporal dementias. Brain , 142(9), 2873-2887.https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz204.
Raymer, A. M., & Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi, e. (2018). The Oxford Handbook of aphasia and language disorders. Oxford University Press.
