Current interventions in mitigating hazards incorporate preparedness, response, and recovery. These responsibilities come alongside the demands of the full performance of decision-making systems and infrastructure. Commonly, an emergency is considered a disaster when the capacities of management are exceeded. In this case, events that challenge the management capabilities of the government are regarded as disasters. Hence the necessity of the international community. When the internal capacities of a government are overwhelmed, international efforts are needed to support subordinate efforts.
Federal governments have significant roles in emergency management. Activities related to avoidance and response to manmade or natural hazards are employed. In the United States, the emergency department is strictly decentralized. Multiple jurisdictions, agencies, non-governmental entities are all involved. Risk assessments incorporate health information, structures, and environment to assess the impacts of a disaster. Disaster reduction strategies by federal governments are based on informed decisions regarding a hazardous event in the prime objective of reducing vulnerabilities.
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First, a local government can develop a multi-hazard geographic information systems. Decision-makers are provided with risk information to allow the identification of probable vulnerability. It makes it possible to forestall the outcomes of new developments in regard to emergency management. Second, understanding risk factors that cause a destructive event would contribute to accurate and appreciated assessments and to enhance prediction competences. For instance, research on solid earth processes that create earthquakes is a decisive hazard assessment. Third, research can be conducted to identify factors that influence collaboration of various specialists in the community towards the execution of loss reduction strategies. Subsequently, related research should be conducted on technological structures. This entails the study of incentives and barriers that hinder technological innovations. Ideally, these techniques enable regional planners to support the efforts of the emergency managers in upholding sustainable futures.
The federal government has numerous roles in emergency management. It plays a fundamental role in organizing a multi-level platform that supports disaster risk reduction. The active obligation and leadership of a federal government are crucial for the accomplishment of local adversity mitigation measures in guaranteeing a political momentum in the process. Local governments surrounding the Merapi volcano formed a multi-stakeholder forum against a volcanic hazard ( Malalgoda et al., 2016 ). Through the initiated project by the governments, it was relieved that the multi-stakeholder forum was effective in pooling funds and expertise. Besides, the local government can introduce innovative tools and methods for disaster risk reduction that can be scaled up across the nation. Unlike the national government, tools and methods are conveniently employed in policy settings by the local government.
In 2001, the federal emergency management agency (FEMA) was engaged to support Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania officers to a terror response. Among the outcomes of the disaster, major changes were implemented in the agency to improve the future management of disasters. In 2005, more reforms were instituted within FEMA which have led to coordinated efforts across the federal government to support partners in the federal ( Meadow et al., 2016 ). Not only has the agency covered terror emergencies but it has also made responses on natural hazards. Preparedness has become the role of the federal government to prevent, respond and recuperate, and alleviate all hazards. Therefore, the federal government should be involved in both manmade and natural disasters as preparedness is utterly facilitated when all prospective responding entities are collectively working towards the same goal of emergency management.
References
Malalgoda, C., Amaratunga, D., & Haigh, R. (2016). Local governments and disaster risk reduction: a conceptual framework. Massey University/The University of Auckland.
Meadow, A. M., Guido, Z., Crimmins, M. A., & McLeod, J. (2016). From principles to action: Applying the National Research Council's principles for effective decision support to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's watch office. Climate Services , 1 , 12-23.
