During the medieval period, the societies which were ruled by Muslim were subjected to great transformations. Initially, the Muslim communities were under a centralised power which was later decentralised during the medieval reign into smaller regional powers (Kennedy & Haldon, 2017) . However, those powers comprised of non-Arab and traditions which were religiously different. Nevertheless, the aspect of life had a vital religious identity where the Muslim and non –Muslim considering their traditions had different experiences. In a case of non-Muslim, the internal affairs and commercial activities were highly protected, and they also respected their religions (Anderson, 2017) . However, when it came to social privileges, the non-Muslims in most cases did not enjoy because there were restrictions against things like places of worship, professions, religious display and even dressing code.
Additionally, the non-Muslim men were not in a position to marry Muslim women something which was inconsistently enforced. Despite the existence of Muslim and non-Muslim in societies, the Jews and the Christians transformed and took part in scientific institutions, culture and in administrations. Ultimately, the non-Muslim engaged in a relationship with the caliphates which enabled negation over favourable policies on religious practice (Anderson, 2017) .
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The success of Christianity in the Muslim world was facilitated by the defeat of the Byzantine Empire. During the reign of Muslim, the Christian diversified in central Asia and the Caspian region. Due to different reasons, many people finally converted into Islam. Such intentions were like avoiding higher taxes, discrimination and also conversion out of sincere belief. Additionally, some people turned to achieve full ranks in the government, and as a result, by the eleventh century, the Muslims were almost dominant in Egypt, Levant and Mesopotamia. Consequently, the disintegration of Abbasid caliphate led to different forms of economic, social, and political organization (Anderson, 2017) .
Characteristic of Medieval Islam
For Islam, the medieval period was creative despite the importance of the other countries.
It is in the office of caliph where most Islamic political thought is discussions begin.
During the medieval period, there was a resolved system of sharing power between the local notables and the military commanders.
The identity was expressed through cultural affiliation, ethnicity and social organizations (Kennedy & Haldon, 2017) .
The Persians viewed themselves as different people with a unique character of being conquerors.
The Roles of Islam in the Medieval Societies
Islam being a culture with the ability to be forgotten and deserted for example in the city of mecca writers and poets would display their writing on places reachable by people such as on the walls. This instant helped the people always to read and memorise their virtues according to their tribes, and it was enhanced through movement from tribe to tribe and from city to city. Additionally, the Islamic culture was taught in big religious centres of scientific development and knowledge such as mosque schools Moreover, the history of Islam is spread by the use of the Quran because it is universal. The Quran contains the entire Islamic history which is recorded with all the information and religious events the way they appear in their calendar (Cantor, 2015) .
Further, Islam introduced Arabic numbers running from zero to nine which was a concept by Hindu. In the field of medicine, through the work of Ibn Sina medical concepts were initiated where the medical school was of Iran before it was combined by Syrian Christians and made the place for learning Muslim practical (Kennedy & Haldon, 2017) . Furthermore, there were scholars who not only had duties of translation but also stood a position to correct and modify. The scholars were also on front line to explain and elaborate on issues which were beyond peoples understanding from the house of wisdom.
References
Kennedy, H., & Haldon, J. F. (2017). The Arab-Byzantine frontier in the eighth and ninth centuries: military organisation and society in the borderlands. In Arab-Byzantine relations in early Islamic times (pp. 141-178). Routledge.
Cantor, N. F. (2015). Civilization of the Middle Ages: Completely Revised and Expanded Edition, A . HarperCollins.
Anderson, G. (2017). The Islamic Villa in Early Medieval Iberia: Architecture and Court Culture in Umayyad C rdoba . Routledge.
